Amazon Web Services SOA-C02 Dumps

Here are the steps to configure Amazon EventBridge to meet the above requirements:

Log in to the AWS Management Console by using the AWS Management Console shortcut from the VM desktop. Make sure that you are logged in to the desired AWS account.

Go to the EventBridge service in the us-east-2 Region.

In the EventBridge service, navigate to the "Event buses" page.

Click on the "Create event bus" button.

Give a name to your event bus, and select "default" as the event source type.

Navigate to "Rules" page and create a new rule named "RunFunction"

In the "Event pattern" section, select "Schedule" as the event source and set the schedule to run every 15 minutes.

In the "Actions" section, select "Send to Lambda" and choose the existing AWS Lambda function named "LogEventFunction"

Create another rule named "SpotWarning"

In the "Event pattern" section, select "EC2" as the event source, and filter the events on "EC2 Spot Instance interruption"

In the "Actions" section, select "Send to SNS topic" and create a new standard Amazon SNS topic named "TopicEvents"

In the "Input Transformer" section, set the Input Path to {“instance” : “$.detail.instance-id”} and Input template to “The EC2 Spot Instance has been interrupted on account.

Now all Amazon EC2 events in the default event bus will be replayable for past 90 days.

Note:

You can use the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or SDKs to create and manage EventBridge resources.

You can use CloudTrail event history to replay events from the past 90 days.

You can refer to the AWS EventBridge documentation for more information on how to configure and use the service:

Here are the steps to configure an Amazon S3 bucket to serve a static error page in the event of a failure at the primary site:

Log in to the AWS Management Console and navigate to the S3 service in the us-east-2 Region.

Find the existing S3 bucket named lab-751906329398-26023898.com and click on it.

In the "Properties" tab, click on "Static website hosting" and select "Use this bucket to host a website".

In "Index Document" field, enter the name of the object that you want to use as the index document, in this case, "index.html"

In the "Permissions" tab, click on "Block Public Access", and make sure that "Block all public access" is turned OFF.

Click on "Bucket Policy" and add the following policy to allow public read access:

{

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Sid": "PublicReadGetObject",

"Effect": "Allow",

"Principal": "*",

"Action": "s3:GetObject",

"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::lab-751906329398-26023898.com/*"

}

]

}

Now navigate to the Amazon Route 53 service, and find the existing hosted zone named lab-751906329398-26023898.com.

Click on the "A record" and update the routing policy to "Primary - Failover" and add the existing ALB as the primary record.

Click on "Create Record" button and create a new secondary failover alias record for the domain lab-751906329398-26023898.com that routes traffic to the existing S3 bucket.

Now, when the primary site (ALB) goes down, traffic will be automatically routed to the S3 bucket serving the static error page.

Note:

You can use CloudWatch to monitor the health of your ALB.

You can use Amazon S3 to host a static website.

You can use Amazon Route 53 for routing traffic to different resources based on health checks.

You can refer to the AWS documentation for more information on how to configure and use these services:

Graphical user interface, text, application Description automatically generated

Graphical user interface, application, Teams Description automatically generated

Here are the steps to update an existing AWS CloudFormation stack:

Log in to the AWS Management Console and navigate to the CloudFormation service in the us-east-2 Region.

Find the existing stack named 1700182 and click on it.

Click on the "Update" button.

Choose "Replace current template" and upload the updated CloudFormation template from the Amazon S3 bucket named "cloudformation-bucket"

In the "Parameter" section, update the EC2 instance type to us-east-t2.nano and add the IP address range 192.168.100.0/30 for SSH access.

Replace the instance profile IAM role with IamRoleB.

In the "Capabilities" section, check the checkbox for "IAM Resources"

Choose the role CFServiceR01e and click on "Update Stack"

Wait for the stack to be updated.

Once the update is complete, navigate to the stack and click on the "Stack options" button, and select "Prevent updates to prevent accidental deletion"

To get the value of the Prodlnstanceld , navigate to the "Outputs" tab in the CloudFormation stack and find the key "Prodlnstanceld". The value corresponding to it is the value that you need to enter in the text box below.

Note:

You can use AWS CloudFormation to update an existing stack.

You can use the AWS CloudFormation service role to deploy updates.

You can refer to the AWS CloudFormation documentation for more information on how to update and manage stacks:

Using a Route 53 Resolver outbound endpoint allows DNS queries for on-premises hosts to be forwarded to the on-premises DNS server over the Direct Connect connection, minimizing maintenance and automating name resolution without the need for manual entry or file management.

To manage Amazon EC2 instances using AWS Systems Manager, you need to ensure that the instances are associated with an IAM instance profile that grants the necessary permissions.

Attach IAM Instance Profile:

Create an IAM role with the AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy.

Attach this IAM role to your EC2 instances.

Steps to Attach IAM Instance Profile:

Open the EC2 console and select the instances.

Choose "Actions" -> "Instance Settings" -> "Attach/Replace IAM Role."

Select the IAM role with AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore policy and attach it to the instances.

AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore Policy:

This policy grants the required permissions for Systems Manager to manage the EC2 instances.

It includes permissions for SSM Agent to communicate with the Systems Manager service.

References:

AWS Systems Manager Prerequisites

AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore Policy

When encountering an InstanceLimitExceeded error, this indicates that you have reached your account limit for the number of EC2 instances.

Use Service Quotas:

Open the Service Quotas console.

In the navigation pane, choose "AWS services" and then "Amazon EC2."

Select the quota you want to increase, such as "Running On-Demand Standard (A, C, D, H, I, M, R, T, Z) instances."

Click on "Request quota increase."

Fill in the required information, specifying the new quota value.

Submit the request.

Launch Instances After Approval: Once the quota increase is approved, you will be able to launch additional instances.

References:

EC2 Service Quotas

Service Quotas Console

Amazon CloudFront is a global content delivery network (CDN) service that delivers your content with low latency and high transfer speeds. By distributing the static content (images and videos) to CloudFront edge locations, users in the United States and Europe can access the content from the nearest edge location, significantly improving the load times.

Create a CloudFront Distribution:

Open the Amazon CloudFront console at Amazon CloudFront Console.

Choose Create Distribution and select Web.

Specify the S3 bucket as the origin where your static content is stored.

Configure Distribution Settings:

Configure the settings, such as cache behaviors and SSL/TLS settings.

Optionally, configure additional features like geo-restriction and logging.

Update DNS Configuration:

Update your DNS records to point to the CloudFront distribution. This can be done via Amazon Route 53 or your DNS provider.

Monitor Performance:

Use CloudFront reports and logs to monitor the performance and adjust configurations if needed.

References:

Amazon CloudFront Overview

Creating a CloudFront Distribution

To monitor and remediate open SSH ports, AWS Config and Systems Manager Automation are ideal:

AWS Config Rule: Use AWS Config to monitor security groups and detect when SSH (port 22) is open to the public. Config rules can be set up to trigger remediation actions automatically.

Systems Manager Automation Runbook: Create or use a predefined automation runbook that can remove the open SSH rule from security groups, thus closing port 22 to the public.

CloudWatch alarms are not ideal for monitoring security group configurations. Amazon Inspector focuses on vulnerability assessment rather than continuous monitoring for specific port access.

Generate a policy by using AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer. AWS CloudTrail is a service that records all API calls made on your account. You can use this data to generate a policy with AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer that only allows the permissions that the application requires. This will ensure that the application only has the necessary permissions and will protect the company from any unauthorized access.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

A user cannot upload an object to an S3 bucket using a presigned URL, even though the URL is valid and the bucket has no policy applied.

Analyze the Requirements:

Determine the cause of the issue preventing the upload via the presigned URL.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: The user has not properly configured the AWS CLI.

CLI configuration is not relevant to using a presigned URL.

Option B: The SysOps administrator does not have the necessary permissions.

The administrator's permissions are required to generate a valid presigned URL with sufficient permissions.

Option C: A bucket policy is required.

A bucket policy is not necessary if the presigned URL has the correct permissions.

Option D: The object has already been uploaded.

A presigned URL remains valid until it expires or the specified permissions are revoked.

Select the Best Solution:

Option B: Ensuring that the SysOps administrator has the necessary permissions to upload objects to the S3 bucket is crucial for generating valid presigned URLs.

References:

Amazon S3 Presigned URLs

IAM Policies for Amazon S3

The SysOps administrator must have the necessary permissions to upload objects to the S3 bucket, ensuring that the presigned URL generated allows the user to upload successfully.

Amazon EC2 and Availability Zones:

EC2 instances are tied to a specific Availability Zone within a region. Moving an instance directly is not possible.

Creating an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) allows the instance to be recreated in another Availability Zone.

Steps to Migrate an EC2 Instance to a New Availability Zone:

Create an AMI:

Open the EC2 Console.

Select the EC2 instance you want to migrate.

Choose Actions > Image and templates > Create Image.

Configure the AMI creation settings and create the image.

Launch a New Instance:

Navigate to the AMI section in the EC2 Console.

Select the newly created AMI.

Click Launch Instance from Image.

Specify the new Availability Zone during the instance configuration.

Terminate the Original Instance:

After validating that the new instance is functioning correctly, terminate the original instance to avoid additional costs.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A: Directly copying an instance to another AZ is not supported.

C: There is no AWS CLI command to move an EC2 instance between AZs.

D: Stopping and modifying the AZ of an existing instance is not possible.

References:

Amazon EC2 Documentation

Creating an AMI

FIFO queues don't support per-message delays, only per-queue delays. If your application sets the same value of the DelaySeconds parameter on each message, you must modify your application to remove the per-message delay and set DelaySeconds on the entire queue instead.

When an EC2 instance stops responding and the system status checks are failing, the recommended first step is to stop and then start the instance. This action will cause the instance to be moved to a new host, potentially resolving the underlying hardware issue.

Stop and Start the Instance:

In the AWS Management Console, navigate to the EC2 dashboard and stop the affected instance.

After the instance has stopped, start it again to launch it on a new host.

To automate the initialization of additional EBS volumes on Windows EC2 instances, the most effective approach is to integrate initialization scripts within the instance so that they execute upon startup:

Configure Initialization Script: Use a Windows PowerShell script (InitializeDisks.ps1) to initialize and format the additional EBS volumes. The script can assign drive letters based on configurations specified in DriveLetterMappingConfig.json.

Automate at Launch: Ensure that the PowerShell script runs automatically upon instance startup. This can be configured through Windows Task Scheduler or by setting it up in the startup folder.

Create a Custom AMI: Once the instance is configured with the script and successfully initializes the disks on startup, create a new AMI from this setup. This AMI can then be used to launch new instances that will automatically initialize their additional EBS volumes with no manual intervention required.

This method leverages native Windows tools and AWS capabilities to automate EBS volume initialization, enhancing operational efficiency without additional external dependencies.

To fulfill the requirement of sharing the same data across multiple EC2 instances in multiple Availability Zones with scalability, the most appropriate solution is Amazon Elastic File System (EFS).

Deploy Amazon EFS:

Amazon EFS provides a scalable and fully managed NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources.

It is designed to grow and shrink automatically as you add and remove files, so your applications have the storage they need, when they need it.

Create Mount Targets:

Go to the EFS console and create a new file system.

Create mount targets in each subnet within your VPC across the multiple Availability Zones.

Attach the EFS file system to your EC2 instances by mounting the EFS file system using the mount target IP addresses or DNS names.

Scalability:

EFS can scale to petabytes without the need to provision storage in advance.

It provides high availability and durability, automatically replicating data across multiple Availability Zones.

References:

Amazon EFS Documentation

Creating EFS File Systems

If a Lambda function is not being invoked by an Amazon EventBridge (formerly CloudWatch Events) rule, the likely issue is a missing permission. The Lambda function needs permission to be invoked by the EventBridge rule.

Steps:

Add Permission to Lambda Function:

Open the AWS Lambda console.

Select your Lambda function.

Choose "Configuration" and then "Permissions".

Under the "Resource-based policy" section, add a policy that grants EventBridge permission to invoke your function.

Example policy:

{

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Effect": "Allow",

"Principal": {

"Service": "events.amazonaws.com"

},

"Action": "lambda:InvokeFunction",

"Resource": "arn:aws:lambda:REGION:ACCOUNT_ID:function:FUNCTION_NAME",

"Condition": {

"ArnLike": {

"AWS:SourceArn": "arn:aws:events:REGION:ACCOUNT_ID:rule/RULE_NAME"

}

}

}

]

}

Verify the EventBridge Rule:

Open the Amazon EventBridge console.

Select the rule that targets your Lambda function.

Ensure that the rule is correctly configured to match events and the target is your Lambda function.

References:

AWS Lambda Permissions Model

Amazon EventBridge Rules

Problem Analysis:

Users experience consistent forced logouts, indicating session data is not maintained properly.

Causes may include issues with session persistence between CloudFront, ALB, and the backend servers.

Action: Configure Cookie Forwarding in CloudFront:

CloudFront must forward cookies to maintain session state. Without forwarding cookies, session-specific data cannot reach the backend.

Update the Cache Behavior Settings in CloudFront:

Go to the CloudFront distribution settings.

In Cache Behaviors, select Forward Cookies.

Specify the relevant cookies required by the application.

Action: Enable Group-Level Stickiness in ALB:

Group-level stickiness ensures that a user's session consistently maps to the same backend server, preventing session disruption.

Steps:

Open the ALB Console.

Navigate to the Listener Rules.

Enable Group-Level Stickiness for the target groups under the listener rule settings.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A: Changing to the least outstanding requests algorithm will not address session stickiness issues.

C: Forwarding headers does not resolve session-specific problems caused by cookies not being forwarded.

E: Weighted target groups manage traffic distribution but do not address session persistence.

References:

Amazon CloudFront Cookie Forwarding

ALB Sticky Sessions Documentation

Monitoring EC2 Instances with CloudWatch:

Amazon CloudWatch provides monitoring and alarms for AWS resources.

Alarms can be created for metrics like CPUUtilization, and notifications can be sent to Amazon SNS topics.

Steps to Set Up the Solution:

Create an SNS Topic:

Open the Amazon SNS Console.

Create a topic (e.g., "CPU_Alerts").

Add subscriptions for the development team's email addresses.

Create a CloudWatch Alarm:

Open the CloudWatch Console.

Navigate to the Alarms section and select Create Alarm.

Choose the EC2 CPUUtilization metric and set the alarm conditions:

Metric: Average CPU Utilization

Threshold: 80%

Period: 5 minutes

Link the alarm to the SNS topic for notifications.

Test the Alarm:

Simulate high CPU utilization to verify that alerts are sent to the subscribed email addresses.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A and B: Using Amazon SES directly for alerts is not a standard practice for operational efficiency or integration with CloudWatch.

C: Using "sum" instead of "average" for CPU utilization is not appropriate for real-time monitoring, as it aggregates data over a large interval.

References:

Amazon CloudWatch Alarms Documentation

Amazon SNS Documentation

Monitoring CPU Utilization

To use tags to filter views in the AWS Cost Explorer console, the tags must be activated for cost allocation.

Activate User-Defined Tags for Cost Allocation:

Open the AWS Billing and Cost Management console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Cost Allocation Tags."

Activate the user-defined tags that you want to use for cost allocation.

To increase the cache hit ratio for an Amazon CloudFront distribution, you can make several adjustments to its configuration:

Minimize Forwarding of Cookies, Query Strings, and Headers:

By default, CloudFront caches based on URL, but if it forwards headers, cookies, and query strings to the origin, it can decrease the cache hit ratio.

Navigate to your CloudFront distribution in the AWS Management Console.

In the Behaviors tab, edit the cache behavior.

Set the option to forward only the necessary cookies, query strings, and headers. This reduces the variations of objects stored in the cache.

Increase Time to Live (TTL) Settings:

Increasing the TTL allows objects to stay in the cache for a longer period, reducing the frequency of fetching data from the origin.

In the same Behaviors tab, adjust the Minimum TTL, Maximum TTL, and Default TTL settings to higher values. This ensures that content remains cached for a longer duration before it needs to be fetched again from the origin.

References:

Cache Behavior Settings

Optimizing Cache Behavior

To delete the AWS CloudFormation stack without deleting the DynamoDB table, you need to apply a deletion policy to the DynamoDB resource. The Retain deletion policy ensures that the specified resource is not deleted when the stack is deleted. Instead, it is retained.

Steps:

Modify the CloudFormation Template:

Add a deletion policy to the DynamoDB table resource.

json

Copy code

{

"Resources": {

"MyDynamoDBTable": {

"Type": "AWS::DynamoDB::Table",

"DeletionPolicy": "Retain",

}

}

}

The problem requires modifying the inbound SSH rule to restrict access to a list of trusted IPs instead of deleting it entirely. AWS Config rules can be configured with automatic remediation actions using either Systems Manager Automation runbooks or Lambda functions. However, AWS Systems Manager Automation runbooks are often more appropriate for managing infrastructure changes like security group modifications because they are reusable, parameterized, and easier to audit.

Create a Systems Manager Automation runbook: This runbook will contain steps to add or modify the existing security group rule, allowing SSH access only from the specified IP addresses.

Update the AWS Config rule: Modify the Config rule to call this new runbook for its automatic remediation. This will prevent deletion of the SSH rule and instead update it based on the IP list.

The AWS Personal Health Dashboard provides a personalized view into the performance and availability of the AWS services underlying your AWS resources. It can alert you about upcoming hardware maintenance that could affect your EC2 instances.

Access AWS Personal Health Dashboard:

Open the AWS Personal Health Dashboard at AWS Personal Health Dashboard.

View Service Health:

The dashboard shows a list of recent events, including upcoming scheduled maintenance that might impact your EC2 instances.

You can filter events to view those that specifically affect your EC2 instances.

Set Up Notifications:

You can configure AWS CloudWatch Events or Amazon SNS to send notifications based on Personal Health Dashboard events.

References:

AWS Personal Health Dashboard

Monitoring AWS Health Events with Amazon CloudWatch Events

m/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/private-content-restricting-access-to-s3.html

To ensure that users access objects in Amazon S3 by using only CloudFront URLs, the SysOps administrator should create an origin access identity (OAI) and grant it permissions to read objects in the S3 bucket.

Create an Origin Access Identity (OAI):

OAI is a special CloudFront user that you associate with your distribution to restrict access to the S3 bucket.

This ensures that only CloudFront can access the S3 bucket directly, and users must go through CloudFront to access the content.

Steps to Implement:

Open the CloudFront console.

Select your distribution and go to the "Origins and Origin Groups" tab.

Edit the S3 origin and create a new OAI or use an existing one.

Update the S3 bucket policy to grant the OAI read permissions.

Bucket Policy Example:

{

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Effect": "Allow",

"Principal": {

"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::cloudfront:user/CloudFront Origin Access Identity [OAI_ID]"

},

"Action": "s3:GetObject",

"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::your-bucket-name/*"

}

]

}

References:

Using an Origin Access Identity to Restrict Access to Your S3 Content

The most likely reason for the unexpected placement of EC2 instances is that one Availability Zone did not have sufficient capacity for the requested EC2 instance type.

Capacity Constraints:

AWS manages EC2 instance placement based on available capacity in the Availability Zones.

If a particular Availability Zone does not have enough capacity for the instance type you requested, AWS will place instances in other Availability Zones with sufficient capacity.

Auto Scaling Group Configuration:

Even if the Auto Scaling group is configured to use all three Availability Zones, instances might not be evenly distributed if one zone lacks the required capacity.

This can result in instances being placed in the remaining zones with available capacity.

Monitoring and Mitigation:

Monitor the capacity limits and instance distribution using CloudWatch and the Auto Scaling group's activity history.

Consider using smaller instance types or different instance families to avoid capacity issues in specific zones.

References:

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling

Troubleshooting Amazon EC2 Capacity Issues

"You can add tags to resources when you create the resource. You can use the resource's service console or API to add, change, or remove those tags one resource at a time. To add tags to—or edit or delete tags of—multiple resources at once, use Tag Editor. With Tag Editor, you search for the resources that you want to tag, and then manage tags for the resources in your search results."

To make an internal web application highly available, you should configure the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group to launch instances in multiple Availability Zones within the same AWS Region. This ensures that the application remains available even if one Availability Zone becomes unavailable.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Amazon EC2 console at Amazon EC2 Console.

Update Auto Scaling Group:

In the navigation pane, choose Auto Scaling Groups.

Select the Auto Scaling group that you want to modify.

Choose Edit.

Add Multiple Availability Zones:

In the Availability Zones and subnets section, select at least one additional Availability Zone.

Ensure that the selected subnets belong to different Availability Zones.

Save Changes:

Save the configuration changes to update the Auto Scaling group.

References:

Distributing Instances Across Multiple Availability Zones

Auto Scaling Groups

Amazon FSx for Windows File Server provides a fully managed native Microsoft Windows file system that supports the SMB protocol and Windows ACLs, ensuring compatibility with existing applications and processes. Using a Multi-AZ deployment ensures high availability by providing automatic failover to a standby instance in a different Availability Zone.

Create Amazon FSx for Windows File Server:

Open the Amazon FSx console at Amazon FSx Console.

Choose Create file system.

Select Amazon FSx for Windows File Server, then click Next.

Configure File System Settings:

In the File system details section, provide the necessary details such as Deployment type, Storage capacity, and Throughput capacity.

Select Multi-AZ deployment to ensure high availability.

Choose the Windows authentication method, either AWS Managed Microsoft AD or Self-managed Microsoft AD.

Network & Security Configuration:

Select the VPC, subnet, and security groups to attach to the file system.

Ensure subnets are in different Availability Zones for Multi-AZ configuration.

Review and Create:

Review the settings and click Create file system.

Access the File System:

Once the file system is created, you can map the network drive using the provided DNS name and manage permissions using Windows ACLs.

References:

Amazon FSx for Windows File Server Documentation

Creating a Multi-AZ File System

To implement a highly available database solution that is ideal for multi-tenant workloads, migrating the database to an Amazon Aurora DB cluster and adding an Aurora Replica is the most suitable solution.

Amazon Aurora:

A fully managed relational database engine that's compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL.

Provides high availability and durability through multiple replicas and automated failover.

Aurora Replicas:

Aurora Replicas share the same storage as the primary instance, providing increased read throughput and high availability.

In the event of a primary instance failure, an Aurora Replica can be promoted to primary.

Implementation Steps:

Migrate the MySQL database to an Amazon Aurora DB cluster.

Add one or more Aurora Replicas to the cluster to distribute read traffic and enhance availability.

References:

Amazon Aurora

High Availability for Amazon Aurora

To make the application accessible only through the CloudFront distribution and not directly through the Application Load Balancer (ALB), you can add a custom HTTP header to the origin settings for the CloudFront distribution. You can then create a rule in the ALB listener to forward requests that contain the matching custom header and its value to the origin. You can also add a default rule to the ALB listener to return a fixed response code of 403 for requests that do not contain the matching custom header. This will allow you to redirect all requests to the CloudFront distribution and block direct access to the application through the ALB.

The default behavior of AWS CloudFormation when the creation of a resource fails is to roll back the stack and delete the stack.

Stack Creation Failure:

If any resource within the stack fails to create, CloudFormation rolls back the stack by deleting all the resources that were successfully created up to the point of failure.

This ensures that no partially created resources are left in the user's account.

Review the Events:

Open the CloudFormation console.

Select the stack and review the "Events" tab to identify the cause of the failure.

References:

AWS CloudFormation Stack Rollback

Troubleshooting AWS CloudFormation

To track instance memory utilization and available disk space using Amazon CloudWatch, the SysOps administrator should install and configure the CloudWatch agent on all instances.

Install and Configure the CloudWatch Agent:

The CloudWatch agent can collect both system-level metrics (e.g., memory utilization, disk space) and application-level metrics and logs.

Install the CloudWatch agent on each EC2 instance and configure it to collect the necessary metrics.

Attach an IAM Role:

The EC2 instances need permissions to write logs and metrics to CloudWatch.

Attach an IAM role with the necessary permissions (e.g., CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy) to each EC2 instance.

To use the static website as a backup to the web application and ensure automated failover, the SysOps administrator should set up failover routing policies in Amazon Route 53.

Failover Routing Policies:

Route 53 failover routing allows you to route traffic to a primary resource when it is healthy and automatically failover to a secondary resource when the primary becomes unhealthy.

Steps to Implement:

Primary Failover Record: Create a primary failover routing policy record and set the value to the ALB. Associate this record with a Route 53 health check that monitors the ALB.

Secondary Failover Record: Create a secondary failover routing policy record and set the value to the static website.

References:

Amazon Route 53 Failover Routing

geolocation "Geolocation routing lets you choose the resources that serve your traffic based on the geographic location of your users, meaning the location that DNS queries originate from. For example, you might want all queries from Europe to be routed to an ELB load balancer in the Frankfurt region."

Could be confused with geoproximity - "Geoproximity routing lets Amazon Route 53 route traffic to your resources based on the geographic location of your users and your resources. You can also optionally choose to route more traffic or less to a given resource by specifying a value, known as a bias. A bias expands or shrinks the size of the geographic region from which traffic is routed to a resource" the use case is not needed as per question.

Using ALB health checks in the Auto Scaling group will provide more accurate health monitoring and replace instances if they are unhealthy.

ALB Health Checks: Configure health checks based on HTTP response codes, which will detect application-level issues causing the HTTP 500 errors and replace instances as needed.

EC2 vs. ALB Health Checks: EC2 status checks only verify instance hardware and OS, not the application’s responsiveness. By using ALB health checks, Auto Scaling can remove instances that are failing at the application level, thus preventing users from receiving 500 errors.

Replacing the ALB with a Network Load Balancer does not address HTTP 500 errors, and enabling session affinity does not resolve application health issues. The CloudWatch agent would not provide the required health check functionality for automated instance replacement.

Enabling consolidated control findings in Security Hub reduces duplication by merging findings for similar controls across multiple standards. This reduces the operational burden of prioritizing remediation based on multiple copies of the same findings.

Consolidated Control Findings: Merges findings for controls across standards to avoid duplicates, providing a clearer view of misconfigurations without the need for additional infrastructure or manual processing.

Least Operational Overhead: This solution is managed within Security Hub without the need for external tools or manual exports.

Using AWS Config aggregators, QuickSight visualization, or custom EC2-based solutions would introduce additional complexity and overhead.

One possible cause for the failure of the CloudFormation template to create an EC2 instance in the us-west-2 Region is that the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) ID referenced in the template could not be found in the us-west-2 Region. This could be due to the fact that the AMI is not available in that region, or the credentials used to access the AMI were not configured properly. The other options (resource tags defined in the CloudFormation template are specific to the us-east-I Region, the cfn-init script did not run during resource provisioning in the us-west-2 Region, and the IAM user was not created in the specified Region) are not valid causes for this failure.

AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) is designed to protect web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF can help mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities by allowing users to create rules to filter specific types of HTTP requests.

Create a Web ACL:

Go to the AWS WAF & Shield console.

Click "Create web ACL" and specify a name and the AWS resource to protect (e.g., an Application Load Balancer).

Add Rules to Mitigate XSS:

Within the Web ACL, add a new rule.

Select "Rule builder" and choose a rule type. For mitigating XSS, use "AWS Managed Rules" or create a custom rule.

AWS Managed Rules include a predefined set for XSS that you can enable.

Configure the XSS Rule:

If using a custom rule, configure it to inspect requests and block any that contain XSS patterns.

Use regular expressions or specific patterns to identify malicious scripts.

Deploy the Web ACL:

Once configured, save the Web ACL.

Associate it with your Application Load Balancer or CloudFront distribution to start filtering requests.

Monitor and Adjust:

Monitor the requests being blocked by AWS WAF.

Adjust the rules as necessary to ensure legitimate traffic is not affected and the application remains protected.

References:

AWS WAF Developer Guide

AWS WAF Managed Rules

AWS Compute Optimizer Overview:

AWS Compute Optimizer analyzes the configuration and utilization of AWS resources, including EBS volumes, to provide cost-optimization recommendations.

Steps to Use AWS Compute Optimizer for EBS Volumes:

Enable Compute Optimizer:

Open the Compute Optimizer Console.

Enable the service for your account.

Allow Metrics Collection:

Allow sufficient time (up to 12 hours) for Compute Optimizer to gather metrics on your EBS volumes.

Review Recommendations:

Go to the Compute Optimizer dashboard.

Navigate to the EBS volume recommendations.

Review the findings for underutilized or overprovisioned volumes.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A: Manually reviewing EC2 monitoring graphs is less efficient and prone to errors compared to Compute Optimizer.

B: Changing instance types to EBS-optimized without assessing performance is unnecessary and unrelated to cost optimization.

D: Installing the fio tool and benchmarking is a time-intensive, manual process that does not align with operational efficiency.

References:

AWS Compute Optimizer Documentation

EBS Volume Optimization

The simplest and most efficient solution to ensure that EC2 instances are restarted when CPU utilization exceeds 80% is to use Amazon CloudWatch alarms:

Create a CloudWatch Alarm: Navigate to the CloudWatch dashboard in the AWS Management Console and create a new alarm. Set the alarm to monitor the CPU utilization metric of the EC2 instances.

Set the Alarm Condition: Configure the alarm to trigger when the CPU utilization exceeds 80%. You can specify this threshold in the alarm settings.

Configure Alarm Actions: In the actions settings of the alarm, select the option to reboot the instance. This action ensures that the instance is automatically restarted whenever the alarm condition is met, without the need for manual intervention or additional scripts.

This method leverages AWS's native capabilities, minimizing operational overhead and eliminating the need for external tools or custom scripts.

To address the issue of slow startup times during unexpected traffic surges, a warm pool for the Auto Scaling group is an effective solution:

Warm Pool Concept: A warm pool allows you to maintain a set of pre-initialized or partially initialized EC2 instances that are not actively serving traffic but can be quickly brought online when needed.

Management of Instances: Instances in the warm pool can be kept in a stopped state and then started much more quickly than launching new instances, as the machine-specific data caches are already created.

Scalability and Responsiveness: During a surge in traffic, especially unpredictable ones like those triggered by advertisements, instances from the warm pool can be rapidly activated to handle the increased load, ensuring that the application remains responsive without the typical delays associated with boot processes.

This method significantly reduces the time to scale out by utilizing pre-warmed instances, enhancing the application's ability to cope with sudden and substantial increases in traffic.

VPC peering allows two VPCs to communicate with each other securely. By configuring VPC peering between the two VPCs, the SysOps administrator will be able to give the EC2 instance in VPC1 the ability to connect to the database in VPC2. Once the VPC peering is configured, the EC2 instance will be able to communicate with the database using the private IP address of the DB instance in the private subnet.

Amazon EFS supports two forms of encryption for file systems, encryption of data in transit and encryption at rest. You can enable encryption of data at rest when creating an Amazon EFS file system. You can enable encryption of data in transit when you mount the file system.

AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) helps protect web applications from common web exploits that could affect availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. It can be used to mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.

Set Up AWS WAF:

Open the AWS WAF console at AWS WAF Console.

Create a new Web ACL.

Add Rules for Protection:

Add managed rules that include protection against common vulnerabilities, including XSS.

AWS provides managed rule groups, such as the AWS Managed Rules for Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) which include protections against XSS.

Associate WAF with the Application:

Associate the Web ACL with the resources you want to protect (e.g., CloudFront distribution, Application Load Balancer).

References:

AWS WAF

AWS WAF Managed Rules

To review the VPC configuration of developer AWS accounts securely, the best practice is to use cross-account IAM roles with read-only access.

Create an IAM Policy with Read-Only Access:

Navigate to the IAM console in each developer account.

Create a new policy with read-only access to VPC resources. For example:

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Effect": "Allow",

"Action": [

"ec2:DescribeVpcs",

"ec2:DescribeSubnets",

"ec2:DescribeRouteTables",

"ec2:DescribeSecurityGroups",

"ec2:DescribeNetworkAcls"

],

"Resource": "*"

}

]

}

Save the policy.

Create a Cross-Account IAM Role:

In the IAM console, choose "Roles" and then "Create role".

Select "Another AWS account" and enter the AWS account ID of the security administrator's account.

Attach the read-only policy created in step 1 to the role.

Save the role and note the role ARN.

Assume the Role from the Security Administrator's Account:

In the security administrator's account, navigate to the IAM console.

Use the "Switch Role" option to assume the cross-account role created in the developer account using the role ARN.

The security administrator can now access the VPC configuration of the developer accounts with read-only permissions.

References:

Cross-Account Access

Creating and Managing IAM Policies

AWSCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/aws-attribute-dependson.html

Syntax The DependsOn attribute can take a single string or list of strings. "DependsOn" : [ String, ... ] Example The following template contains an AWS::EC2::Instance resource with a DependsOn attribute that specifies myDB, an AWS::RDS::DBInstance. When CloudFormation creates this stack, it first creates myDB, then creates Ec2Instance.

To count application errors grouped by type across all CloudWatch Logs log groups, use CloudWatch Logs Insights.

Steps:

Access CloudWatch Logs Insights:

Open the CloudWatch console and navigate to Logs Insights.

 AWS Config Managed Rule:

AWS Config can be used to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of AWS resources. The managed rule can check if instances are launched from approved AMIs.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to AWS Config.

Create a managed rule that checks for EC2 instances running approved AMIs.

Configure the rule to use a list of approved AMIs.

 Automatic Remediation with Systems Manager Automation:

AWS Systems Manager Automation runbooks can automate the process of remediating non-compliant resources.

Steps:

Create a Systems Manager Automation runbook that terminates instances not running approved AMIs.

Attach the runbook to the AWS Config rule for automatic remediation.

The least privilege required for reading encrypted data involves kms:Decrypt to decrypt, kms:DescribeKey to understand key properties, and kms:ListAliases if needed to identify the key alias.

Scenario Analysis:

The EC2 instance is inaccessible through RDP due to misconfigured Windows Firewall settings.

The boot volume is encrypted, which restricts direct modification without proper mounting and decryption tools.

The goal is to back up the instance and regain RDP connectivity.

Why Option D is Correct:

AWS provides EC2Rescue for Windows Server as a tool to resolve common connectivity and boot issues for Windows EC2 instances.

The process of detaching the boot volume and attaching it to another instance ensures that the misconfigured instance does not impede further configuration.

The working instance acts as a recovery environment where EC2Rescue can be run to modify the Windows Firewall settings and allow RDP access.

Steps to Resolve the Issue (Following Option D):

Step 1: Stop the instance.In the EC2 console, select the affected instance and stop it to ensure safe operations.

Step 2: Detach the boot volume.Navigate to the instance's storage section, identify the boot volume (usually /dev/sda1), and detach it.

Step 3: Attach the boot volume to a recovery instance.

Identify a working instance that has EC2Rescue installed.

Attach the detached boot volume to the recovery instance as a secondary volume.

Step 4: Run EC2Rescue to fix Windows Firewall settings.

Log in to the recovery instance and launch EC2Rescue.

Select the attached secondary volume and run diagnostics or select specific repairs (e.g., enabling RDP access in Windows Firewall settings).

Step 5: Detach the boot volume from the recovery instance.After applying the fix, safely detach the volume from the recovery instance.

Step 6: Reattach the boot volume to the original instance.Attach the volume back to the original instance as its boot volume.

Step 7: Start the instance and verify connectivity.Start the original instance and attempt to connect via RDP using the instance's public or private IP (depending on the network configuration).

AWS References and Best Practices:

EC2Rescue for Windows Server:Official documentation: EC2Rescue

Encrypted EBS Volumes:Ensure the proper use of the same AWS KMS key when attaching encrypted volumes to other instances. Reference: EBS Encryption

Backup Before Modifications:AWS recommends creating snapshots of EBS volumes before making changes. Reference: Creating EBS Snapshots

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option A: AWS does not support disabling encryption for EBS volumes directly. Additionally, creating a new key pair does not address the firewall misconfiguration.

Option B: Amazon Inspector does not provide tools for modifying Windows Firewall settings. It is primarily used for vulnerability assessments.

Option C: Disabling encryption is not supported, and Amazon Inspector cannot fix firewall issues.

Reuse templates to replicate stacks in multiple environments After you have your stacks and resources set up, you can reuse your templates to replicate your infrastructure in multiple environments. For example, you can create environments for development, testing, and production so that you can test changes before implementing them into production. To make templates reusable, use the parameters, mappings, and conditions sections so that you can customize your stacks when you create them. For example, for your development environments, you can specify a lower-cost instance type compared to your production environment, but all other configurations and settings remain the same. SCloudFormation/latest/UserGuide/best-practices.html#reuse

The connectivity issues could be due to:

Security Group Ingress Rules:

Ensure that the security group for the RDS database has the correct ingress rules allowing traffic from the web server’s security group or IP address.

Go to the RDS console, select your database instance, and check the security groups.

In the security group settings, verify that the correct port (usually 3306 for MySQL) is open for the web server's IP or security group.

Port Configuration:

Verify that the application is configured to use the correct port that matches the RDS database configuration.

Check the application configuration files to ensure the port number matches the port specified in the RDS instance.

References:

Amazon RDS Security Groups

Troubleshooting RDS Connectivity

Ref.

Amazon S3 Batch Operations is a feature that lets you perform large-scale batch operations on S3 objects. It is the most operationally efficient way to replace a tag on all objects in an S3 bucket.

Create an S3 Batch Operations Job:

Open the Amazon S3 console at Amazon S3 Console.

Navigate to Batch Operations and create a new job.

Specify the Operation:

Choose the operation to replace all object tags.

Provide a manifest that lists the objects in the bucket. You can generate this manifest using an S3 inventory report.

Execute the Job:

Review the job configuration and submit it.

Monitor the job execution to ensure all tags are replaced as specified.

Using S3 Batch Operations automates the process and minimizes manual effort.

References:

Amazon S3 Batch Operations

Tagging Amazon S3 Objects

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

The security team is concerned about the increasing number of IAM policies.

The task is to report on the current number of IAM policies and compare them to the service limits.

Analyze the Requirements:

The solution should help in checking the usage of IAM policies against the service limits.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: AWS Trusted Advisor

AWS Trusted Advisor provides real-time guidance to help you provision your resources following AWS best practices.

It includes a service limits check that alerts you when you are approaching the limits of your AWS service usage, including IAM policies.

Option B: Amazon Inspector

Amazon Inspector is an automated security assessment service that helps improve the security and compliance of applications deployed on AWS. It does not report on IAM policy usage.

Option C: AWS Config

AWS Config is a service that enables you to assess, audit, and evaluate the configurations of your AWS resources. While useful for compliance, it does not provide a comparison against service limits.

Option D: AWS Organizations

AWS Organizations helps you centrally manage and govern your environment as you grow and scale your AWS resources. It does not provide insights into IAM policy limits.

Select the Best Solution:

Option A: AWS Trusted Advisor is the correct answer because it includes a service limits check that can report on the current number of IAM policies in use and compare them to the service limits.

References:

AWS Trusted Advisor Documentation

IAM Service Limits

AWS Trusted Advisor is the appropriate tool for monitoring IAM policy usage and comparing it against service limits, providing the necessary insights to manage and optimize IAM policies effectively.

Objective:

Provide a static IP address that the vendor can whitelist for accessing the application.

Using Network Load Balancer (NLB):

Unlike Application Load Balancers, NLBs support static IP addresses through Elastic IPs.

NLBs operate at the transport layer (Layer 4) and are ideal for use cases requiring a static IP.

Steps to Implement:

Step 1: Create an NLB in the same VPC as the application.

Step 2: Associate Elastic IP addresses with the NLB subnets.

Step 3: Update the target group to point to the existing EC2 instances.

Step 4: Update DNS records to map the application domain to the NLB 's static IP or DNS name.

AWS References:

Elastic IPs with NLB:Static IPs for NLB

NLB vs. ALB:Comparison of Load Balancers

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option A: ALBs do not support Elastic IPs.

Option B: AWS WAF is for web access control, not providing static IPs.

Option C: VPC endpoints do not replace load balancers and are unrelated to static IP requirements.

To generate a monthly report showing all S3 buckets and their compliance with the requirement to block public read access, the SysOps administrator can take the following steps:

Create an AWS Config Aggregator:

Create an AWS Config aggregator in an aggregator account. Use the organization as the source to aggregate AWS Config data across all accounts in the organization.

You can create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that monitors an Amazon EC2 instance and automatically recovers the instance if it becomes impaired due to an underlying hardware failure or a problem that requires AWS involvement to repair. Terminated instances cannot be recovered. A recovered instance is identical to the original instance, including the instance ID, private IP addresses, Elastic IP addresses, and all instance metadata. If the impaired instance has a public IPv4 address, the instance retains the public IPv4 address after recovery. If the impaired instance is in a placement group, the recovered instance runs in the placement group. When the StatusCheckFailed_System alarm is triggered, and the recover action is initiated, you will be notified by the Amazon SNS topic that you selected when you created the alarm and associated the recover action.

An SCP applied to the application OU that denies ec2:RunInstances when the CostCenter-Project tag is missing ensures that all accounts in the OU adhere to the tagging policy. This approach is centralized and applies only to the intended OU.

To provide both incoming and outgoing connectivity to the internet for EC2 instances, you need to ensure that the instances are in a subnet that has a route to an internet gateway. Here are the required steps:

Create an Internet Gateway:

Open the Amazon VPC console at Amazon VPC Console.

In the navigation pane, choose Internet Gateways.

Choose Create Internet Gateway.

Enter a name for the internet gateway and choose Create.

Attach the internet gateway to your VPC by selecting the created internet gateway, then choosing Actions, and Attach to VPC.

Modify Route Table:

In the Amazon VPC console, go to the Route Tables section.

Select the route table associated with the subnet where your EC2 instances are located.

Choose Edit routes and add a new route:

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0

Target: Select the internet gateway you created.

These steps ensure that the instances can send and receive traffic to and from the internet.

References:

Creating and Attaching an Internet Gateway

Route Tables

To reduce the cost of running the application without affecting availability or design, applying rightsizing recommendations from AWS Cost Explorer to reduce the instance size is the best approach.

Rightsizing Recommendations:

AWS Cost Explorer provides rightsizing recommendations that help you identify underutilized instances.

By resizing instances to a more appropriate size based on their utilization, you can reduce costs while maintaining performance.

Steps to Implement:

Open the AWS Cost Management console.

Navigate to "Cost Explorer" and select "Rightsizing Recommendations."

Review the recommendations and choose to resize the instances based on their actual usage.

Advantages:

Rightsizing ensures that you are not paying for unused resources while maintaining the necessary capacity and performance for your application.

References:

AWS Cost Explorer Rightsizing Recommendations

Amazon S3 Cross-Region Replication (CRR) is a feature that automatically replicates objects across AWS regions. When CRR is configured, certain aspects are replicated by default, and some are not. Here are the details:

Objects in the source S3 bucket for which the bucket owner does not have permissions: CRR does not replicate objects for which the bucket owner does not have permissions.

Objects that are stored in S3 Glacier: Objects in the S3 Glacier storage class are not replicated by CRR.

Objects that existed before replication was configured: Only objects created or modified after the replication configuration will be replicated. Objects that existed before the configuration are not replicated by default.

Object metadata: CRR replicates the object metadata along with the object to ensure that the replica in the destination bucket is as accurate as possible.

References:

Amazon S3 Cross-Region Replication

Replication Configuration Examples

To allow access using current LDAP credentials while migrating to AWS, the best approach is to federate the LDAP directory with IAM using SAML.

Set Up SAML-Based Federation:

AWS supports identity federation using SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) 2.0. You need to configure your LDAP directory to federate with AWS IAM via SAML.

 Create an SNS Topic and Subscription:

Amazon SNS allows you to send notifications to multiple endpoints.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to SNS and create a new topic.

Create a subscription for the topic using the email protocol.

Enter the architecture team's email address as the subscriber.

Understand the Problem:

All AWS resources must be tagged according to a company policy.

Continuous identification and enforcement of non-compliant resources are required.

Analyze the Requirements:

Monitor resources for compliance with tagging policies.

Enforce tagging policies and provide ongoing compliance reporting.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: AWS CloudTrail.

Tracks user activity and API usage but does not enforce tagging policies.

Option B: Amazon Inspector.

Provides security assessments but does not monitor or enforce resource tagging.

Option C: AWS Config.

Monitors and evaluates the configurations of AWS resources.

AWS Config rules can be used to enforce tagging policies and continuously monitor compliance.

Option D: AWS Systems Manager.

Provides operational insights and management but does not specifically enforce tagging compliance.

Select the Best Solution:

Option C: AWS Config is designed for compliance and configuration monitoring, making it the ideal service for enforcing and identifying non-compliant resource tags.

References:

AWS Config

Managing Resource Tag Compliance with AWS Config

AWS Config provides the necessary tools to enforce and monitor resource tagging compliance, ensuring all resources adhere to the set policy.

Cluster Placement Group:

Cluster placement groups are used to ensure low-latency networking between EC2 instances. They place instances physically close to each other within the same Availability Zone.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to EC2 and select "Placement Groups."

Create a new cluster placement group.

Back up the existing EC2 instance to an AMI.

Launch new EC2 instances from the AMI into the cluster placement group.

Ensure all instances are in the same Availability Zone.

To upgrade the instance type of a Memcached cluster in Amazon ElastiCache due to increased usage and the need for more memory:

ModifyCacheCluster API: Utilize the ModifyCacheCluster API call. This API allows you to change various settings of an existing cache cluster, including the instance type, which is referred to as cacheNodeType.

Instance Upgrade: Specify a new, larger cacheNodeType that provides more memory. This upgrade will involve a brief interruption as nodes are replaced with the larger type, but it is necessary to accommodate the increased load and memory requirements.

Cluster Availability: Ensure that the Memcached cluster is configured for minimal downtime during this change. The upgrade process is handled by ElastiCache, and the new nodes will join the cluster with more memory capacity.

This approach enables you to effectively scale up the resources available to your Memcached cluster, enhancing its performance and capacity to handle larger workloads.

Weighted routing in Route 53 allows you to direct a percentage of traffic to different resources by configuring specific weights. For this requirement, you can:

Weighted Routing Policy: This is the most suitable approach for gradually rolling out a new version by controlling traffic distribution.

Weight Configuration: Setting a weight of 80 for the original resource and 20 for the new resource ensures that 80% of the traffic continues to go to the existing version, while 20% is directed to the new version.

Other routing policies, such as failover and multivalue answer, are not intended for traffic distribution based on percentage; they serve different use cases.

To direct users to the region that provides the fastest response times, transitioning to a latency routing policy in Amazon Route 53 is the best solution.

Latency-Based Routing:

Latency-based routing allows you to route your traffic to the AWS region that provides the lowest latency.

Implementation:

In each new region (us-east-1 and ap-south-1), create a new Elastic Load Balancer and a new set of EC2 instances to run a copy of the application.

Open the Route 53 console.

Select the hosted zone and choose "Create Record Set."

Create latency-based records pointing to the load balancers in each region.

References:

Amazon Route 53 Latency-Based Routing

 Create an IAM role with the CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy:

This policy grants the necessary permissions for the CloudWatch agent to collect and send metrics.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to IAM and create a new role.

Choose "EC2" as the trusted entity.

Attach the "CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy" managed policy to the role.

Attach this IAM role to your EC2 instances.

To host a static website on Amazon S3, the SysOps administrator needs to configure the bucket for public access and set up the static website hosting. Here's how to complete this process:

Turn off "Block all public access": Amazon S3 buckets have "Block all public access" settings enabled by default for security. Since the webpage needs to be accessible publicly, this setting must be disabled. This step is crucial to allow public read access to the web content.

Set a bucket policy: After disabling "Block all public access," set a bucket policy that explicitly allows public read access to the S3 bucket. This policy should allow the s3:GetObject action for everyone, which can be set by specifying "Principal": "*". This policy ensures that anyone can view the webpage but does not grant permissions to modify or delete the content.

Create an index.html document and configure static website hosting: The next step is to create an index.html file, which will serve as the entry point of the website. After creating this file, upload it to the bucket. Then, configure the bucket for static website hosting through the S3 management console. This setting enables the S3 bucket to serve the webpage directly from the index.html file.

Combining these actions, the S3 bucket will be properly configured to host and serve the static website with minimal operational overhead and maximum accessibility.

Cluster placement groups are designed to place EC2 instances close together within a single Availability Zone, which reduces latency and maximizes network performance between instances.

Cluster Placement Group: Reduces network latency by keeping instances in close proximity within the same hardware, providing low-latency, high-throughput networking.

High Network Performance: Ideal for latency-sensitive applications, especially those running within a clustered architecture.

Spread placement groups are designed for high availability rather than low latency. Jumbo frames may improve throughput but not significantly reduce latency.

Using the interface endpoint, applications in your on-premises data center can easily query S3 buckets over AWS Direct Connect or Site-to-Site VPN.