Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SR-MPLS Policy candidate pathsare used forflexible path selectionandload balancinginSegment Routing (SR-MPLS)networks.

✔Correct Statements:

✅(A)Each candidate path can havemultiple segment lists, each with itsown weightfor load balancing.

✅(B)Load balancingis supported bothbetween candidate pathsandwithin segment lists.

✅(C)AnSR-MPLS Policy can contain multiple candidate paths, each with apreference value.

✅(D)Thecandidate path with the highest preference is selected as the primary path.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SR-MPLS Policy Path Selection

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

The statementAis incorrect because enablingDHCP snooping in the VLAN viewonly takes effect on interfaces within that specific VLAN that have DHCP snooping configured. It doesnot automatically apply to all interfaces of the device. Each interface within the VLAN must individually be configured or marked as trusted/untrusted.

B:Correct, as DHCP snooping, when enabled globally without any additional specifications, defaults to processingDHCPv4messages.

C:Correct, as DHCP snooping can protect against DHCP spoofing attacks by marking interfaces astrustedoruntrusted.

D:Correct, enabling DHCP snooping on an interface means it will monitor all DHCP messages on that specific interface.

A. The device sends sampled data every second→Correct, since sample interval is 1000ms = 1 second.

B. The subscription mode is static subscription→Correct, as shown by Sub state: PASSIVE. Passive indicates astatic subscription.

C. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1→Incorrect— this IP address is thedestination (telemetry collector),notthe device’s own IP.

D. The subscription name is Sub1→Correct, as per Sub name : Sub1.

Correct answer: C. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1— this is incorrect because it's actually the collector’s IP, not the device's.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

R2 is anArea Border Router (ABR), meaning itconnects multiple OSPF areas(Area 0 and Area 1).

ABRs generate Router-LSAs for each area they belong to.

SinceR2 is part of both Area 0 and Area 1, it must generateRouter-LSAs (Type 1) for both areas.

R2 does not forward Router-LSAs between areas; instead, it generatesSummary LSAs (Type 3)to exchange routing information between areas.

Thus, the correct answer isD.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – OSPF LSA Types and ABR Behavior

BGP EVPN Type 2 Route (MAC/IP Advertisement Route)

This route carriesMAC and IP address bindingsto inform remote VTEPs about locally learned endpoints.

Why Use arp collect host enable?

Collects ARP entriesof locally connected hosts.

EnablesBGP EVPN Type 2 route generationto distribute the learned ARP information.

Incorrect Answer Explanations:❌A. mac-address xxxx-xxxx-xxxx– Manually configures a MAC address butdoes not enable ARP collection for EVPN Type 2 routes.❌B. arp-proxy enable– Enables ARP Proxy butdoes not advertise ARP information using BGP EVPN.❌D. arp distribute-gateway enable– Used inDistributed Anycast Gateway (DAG) modebutnot for collecting host ARP data.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN EVPN Configuration Guide – ARP Handling and EVPN Type 2 Routes

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – VTEP ARP Advertisement in VXLAN Networks

Option A: Correct — both terminal and interface security are important.

Option C: Correct —CAPWAP supports DTLSencryption for secure tunnel communication.

Option D: Correct — intranet security design considersboth wired and wireless.

Option B:Incorrect— traffic suppression (such as broadcast suppression) is implemented usingrate limiting or storm control,not by shutting down interfaces. Shutting down interfaces would disrupt legitimate traffic too.

Correct answer: B

Understanding the Telemetry Output:

Dest-addr: 192.168.56.1→The destination IP address is 192.168.56.1.✅

Dest-name: Dest1→The destination group name is Dest1.✅

Protocol: gRPC→Data push uses the gRPC protocol.✅

Vpn-name: - (empty)→No VPN encapsulation is used.❌

Incorrect Answer Explanation:

❌C. "VPN encapsulation is used for data push"→Incorrect!

The Vpn-name field isempty, indicating thatVPN encapsulation is NOT enabled for telemetry data transport.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Telemetry Configuration Guide – Destination and Data Push Methods

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – gRPC and Telemetry Data Streaming

Node segments in SR-MPLS (Segment Routing over MPLS) are typically automatically generated and distributed via IGP protocols (such as IS-IS or OSPF) using SR extensions. There is no need to manually configure node segments on every router.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – Segment Routing:

“Node SIDs are automatically generated and advertised by IGPs with SR extensions. Manual configuration is not required except in special cases like adjacency SIDs.”

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Router-LSA (Type 1 LSA)describesall directly connected OSPF linksof a router and their types. Thefollowing link types can appear in a Router-LSA:

Point-to-Point (P-2-P) (B)– Represents adirect connection between two routers.

Virtual Link (Vlink) (C)– Used toconnect an area to the backbone (Area 0)when a direct connection is unavailable.

Stub Network (StubNet) (D)– Represents anetwork with only one exit point(e.g., a loopback interface or passive interface).

Incorrect Option:

TransNet (A) – Incorrect!

Transit networks appear in Network LSAs (Type 2), not Router LSAs.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei OSPF Configuration Guide – Router-LSAs and Link Types

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – OSPF LSAs and Topology Advertisement

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

OSPFv2 (for IPv4) and OSPFv3 (for IPv6) LSAs differ in function and naming conventions.

Key Differences in OSPFv3 LSAs:

OSPFv3does not use ASBR-Summary-LSA. Instead, it introduces newInter-Area Prefix LSAs (Type 3) and Inter-Area Router LSAs (Type 4).

OSPFv2 ASBR-Summary-LSA (Type 4) is replaced in OSPFv3 by Inter-Area Router LSA (Type 4).

OSPFv3 LSA Types:

✔Router-LSA (Type 1)– Describes router interfaces and links.

✔Network-LSA (Type 2)– Describes broadcast network links.

✔Inter-Area Prefix LSA (Type 3)– Replaces Summary LSAs for routes.

✔Inter-Area Router LSA (Type 4)– Replaces ASBR Summary LSAs.

✔AS-External LSA (Type 5)– Describes external routes (same as OSPFv2).

SinceASBR-Summary-LSA (Type 4) does not exist in OSPFv3, the correct answer isA.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – OSPFv3 LSA Types

The Loopback interface is not advertised by default in IS-IS, unless a specific command is used (like network entity with loopback settings or enabling it manually). In this case, the GE0/0/0 and GE0/0/1 interfaces are both UP, and have IS-IS L1/L2 enabled. These two interfaces qualify to advertise IS-IS routes.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom V1.0 IS-IS Chapter

“By default, only physical interfaces in UP state and configured with IS-IS (L1, L2, or L1/L2) participate in IS-IS. Loopback interfaces must be explicitly advertised using route import policies.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔Traffic suppressionis used to controlbroadcast storms, butshutting down interfaces is NOT the correct wayto block broadcast traffic.

✔Correct Statements:

✅(B)Intranet security coversboth wired and wireless networks.

✅(C)CAPWAP tunnelsuseDTLS encryptionfor security.

✅(D)Wireless securityrequiresair interface protectionagainst attacks.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – Intranet Security Design

Huawei’suser access authentication configurationincludes the following components:

AAA scheme: Defines how users are authenticated (local, RADIUS, HWTACACS, etc.).

Domain: Groups users and associates them with an AAA scheme.

Access profile: Defines access control rules like 802.1X, MAC, Portal, or multi-mode authentication.

Correct workflow:

Bind theauthentication profile(which references the access profile) to theuser access interface.

Not the other way around.

Incorrect statement:

D.It incorrectly states youbind the access profile to the authentication profile, when in fact, theauthentication profile binds the access profileand is applied to the interface.

Correct answer: D

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

BGP EVPN Type 3 routesare used forVXLAN ingress replicationandBUM (Broadcast, Unknown unicast, and Multicast) traffic forwarding.

✔Type 3 routes contain L2VNIs, not L3VNIs→(C is incorrect)

Key Functions of Type 3 Routes:

DistributeVTEP IP addressesto establish VXLAN tunnels.

IncludeL2VNIsfor mapping Layer 2 broadcast domains.

Used inIngress Replicationfor BUM traffic.

SinceType 3 routes do not carry L3VNIs, the correct answer isC.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – BGP EVPN Type 3 Routes

In BGP4+ (used for IPv6 routing), the MP_REACH_NLRI attribute is used to advertise reachable routes. The Next Hop field must:

Contain a global unicast IPv6 address

Link-local addresses are not used in MP_REACH_NLRI because they are valid only on a local link and not suitable for inter-AS routing.

RFC 2545 (Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4) also states that the Next Hop must be a routable global address.

Therefore:

C. It must be a global unicast address — is correct.

The other options involving link-local addresses are incorrect.

Understanding HTTP/1.1 Response Structure

????What is an HTTP Response?

The response issent from the server to the client after processing an HTTP request.

The structure follows astandardized format:

Elements of an HTTP/1.1 Response:

✅A. Status Line→ Containsprotocol version, status code, and reason phrase.

✅B. Response Body→ ContainsHTML, JSON, XML, or other content.

✅C. Response Header→ Providesmetadata about the response(e.g., Content-Type, Server).

✅D. Empty Line→ Ablank line separates headers from the response body.

Example of an HTTP/1.1 Response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Sat, 08 Mar 2025 14:00:00 GMT

Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)

Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8

Welcome to Huawei Datacom

Why is the Answer A, B, C, D?

✅An HTTP response includes a status line, headers, an empty line, and a response body.

Real-World Application:

Web Application Debugging:Helps developersanalyze server responses.

API Security:Validatesresponse headers to prevent injection attacks.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – HTTP Protocol and Response Headers

InMPLS Traffic Engineering (TE),Label Switched Paths (LSPs)can be established:

Statically: Manual configuration.

Dynamically: Typically viaRSVP-TE.

Protocol roles:

RSVP-TE:Used to dynamically establish and signal TE LSPs→✅

OSPF / IS-IS: Act asIGP protocolsand provide TE-related link-state information (like bandwidth) butdo not establish LSPs themselves→❌

BGP: Used forroute advertisement, not forLSP setupin MPLS TE →❌

Correct answers: A, C, D

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheStrict Priority (SP) scheduling algorithmalways gives preference to high-priority queues.

A:Correct. SP scheduling may lead toqueue starvationbecause low-priority queues might never get serviced if high-priority traffic is constant.

B:Correct. SP always schedules thehighest-priority queue first.

C:Correct. Among multiple low-priority queues, if SP is combined with FIFO (First In, First Out), packets that arrive first are forwarded first.

D:Incorrect. The SP algorithmdoes not guarantee minimum bandwidthfor lower-priority queues. It prioritizes high-priority queues regardless of bandwidth configuration, which can lead to starvation of lower-priority traffic. To ensure minimum bandwidth, aWeighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)orCBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing)algorithm would be more suitable.

An IPsec Security Association (SA) includes the following critical components:

SPI (Security Parameter Index)

Destination IP address

Security Protocol (AH or ESP)

Encryption/Authentication algorithms

The Source IP address is not a defining parameter of an SA. SA is unidirectional and identified based on the SPI and destination address.

Exact Extract - Huawei Security Configuration Guide – IPsec Fundamentals:

“An SA is uniquely identified by the SPI, destination IP, and security protocol. The source address is not a determining factor in the SA.”

Understanding the Network Scenario:

R2 is the boundary router between OSPF and IS-IS.

OSPF and IS-IS do not automatically redistribute routes between each other.

R4's loopback (10.1.4.4/32) exists in the IS-IS domain.

To allow R1 (OSPF) to reach R4’s loopback, R2 must redistribute IS-IS routes into OSPF.

Why Option C Is Correct (✅)

✔default-route-advertise in OSPF on R2:

This advertises a default route into the OSPF domain, allowing OSPF routers (R1, R3) to forward unknown traffic to R2.

Since IS-IS routes are not automatically injected into OSPF, this ensures R1 can reach R4.

✔IS-IS Already Has Routes to OSPF

IS-IS routers (R3, R4) already learn routes from OSPF via R2 (assuming route redistribution is properly configured).

No need to run default-route-advertise in IS-IS.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect (❌)

❌A. Run default-route-advertise in both OSPF and IS-IS views on R2

Unnecessary in IS-IS. The IS-IS domain already learns OSPF routes from R2 via redistribution.

Only OSPF needs a default route to forward unknown traffic to R2.

❌B. No configuration is required

Incorrect, because OSPF does not automatically learn IS-IS routes.

A default route or redistribution is needed for R1 to reach R4.

❌D. Run default-route-advertise only in the IS-IS view on R2

Incorrect, because IS-IS already has routing information from OSPF.

The issue is with OSPF not learning IS-IS routes, so the command needs to be in OSPF view.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – OSPF and IS-IS Route Redistribution and Interoperability

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

In the given configuration:

Traffic from PC1 (192.168.1.1)is classified byACL 2000.

Traffic is remarked with DSCP value 26(DSCP 26).

DSCP 26 corresponds to AF31, which maps to theAF3 queuein DiffServ QoS.

DiffServ QoS Queue Mapping:

EF (Expedited Forwarding)→ DSCP 46

AF4 (Assured Forwarding Class 4)→ DSCP 40-47

AF3 (Assured Forwarding Class 3)→DSCP 26-31✅

AF2 (Assured Forwarding Class 2)→ DSCP 18-23

SinceDSCP 26 falls within AF3, the packets enter theAF3 queue on R2.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – QoS and DSCP Mapping

In MPLS LDP, there are two types of sessions:

Direct LDP sessions: Established between directly connected LSRs using LDP Hellos over a link.

Remote LDP sessions (also called targeted LDP sessions): Established between non-directly connected LSRs. These requiremanual configurationof the remote peer.

In this scenario, SWA and SWC arenot directly connected, so aremote (targeted) LDP sessionmust be set up.

For a remote LDP session:

Youmust configure the remote peerusing the command:

[SWA-MPLS-LDP] targeted-peer x.x.x.x

Where x.x.x.x is theLSR ID of SWC(33.3.3.3 in this case).

The current configuration does not include this required step.

Thus, the correct statement is:

D. You need to create a remote peer and specify an LSR ID for the remote peer.

MP-BGP is an extension of BGP-4 that supports multi-protocol address families such as IPv6, VPNv4, etc. When PE and CE exchange BGP routes, there is no need to create a BGP process per VPN on the CE. The CE typically runs a standard BGP process, while the PE maintains separate VPN routing tables (VRFs).

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom MP-BGP Chapter:

“CE devices use standard BGP, and multiple VPNs can share the same BGP process on the CE. The PE handles VPN route separation through VRFs and MP-BGP.”

In hot standby (active-active/load balancing) scenarios, Quick Session Backup is critical. This function ensures that session entries are immediately synchronized between firewalls to handle asymmetric traffic (where return traffic goes through a different firewall than the forward traffic).

Without it, the return packet may be dropped due to missing session information on the alternate firewall.

Exact Extract - HCIE-Datacom Security Module:

“When VGMP is in load balancing mode, quick session backup must be enabled to prevent traffic loss due to inconsistent forward and return paths.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔Inter-VN communicationallows users indifferent VNs (R&D and Marketing)to communicate.

✔Correct Steps:

✅(B) Deploy a Policy Control Matrix→ Definesrules for inter-VN communicationbetween security groups.

✅(C) Configure Inter-VN Communication→ Enablesrouting between VNsthrough theborder gateway or firewall.

✔Why Not Other Options?

❌(A) Deploy Network Service Resources→ This is forinternal VN service deployment, not inter-VN communication.

❌(D) Deploy an External Network→ This is forInternet or WAN access, not internal VN-to-VN communication.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – Virtual Network Intercommunication

Understanding L3VPN over SRv6 BE Networks

????What is L3VPN over SRv6?

Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) allowsmultiple private routing domainsto operate over a shared service provider backbone.

SRv6 (Segment Routing over IPv6) replaces traditionalMPLS labels with IPv6 Segment Identifiers (SIDs).

Best Effort (BE)mode means thatno explicit Traffic Engineering (TE) constraints are applied.

How Routing Works in This Scenario

Key Components in the Network:

PE1 & PE2 (Provider Edge routers): Connect customer networks (CE1 & CE2).

P Router (Core Router): Provides transit between PE routers over SRv6.

SRv6 SID FC00:2::1:79: Used forVPN routing at PE2(End.DT4 function).

Step-by-Step Route Learning Process:

1️⃣PE1 advertises the 192.168.1.0/24 VPN route to PE2 using iBGP VPNv4.

2️⃣PE2 receives the route with next-hop 2001:DB8:1::1 (PE1).

3️⃣PE2 installs the route with the SRv6 Prefix-SID FC00:2::1:79 (End.DT4).

4️⃣The route is imported into the VRF using the import-route command.

Analysis of Each Answer Choice

✅A. An IBGP peer relationship is established between PE2 and PE1, and PE2 learns the route to 192.168.1.0/24 over an IBGP peer relationship.

Correct:The routing table output confirms thatPE2 receives the route via iBGP from PE1.

✅B. The instruction type corresponding to FC00:2::1:79 is End.DT4.

Correct:

End.DT4 is an SRv6 function that represents a Layer 3 VPN endpoint (VRF routing).

PE2 uses End.DT4 to process VPN traffic for 192.168.1.0/24.

✅C. PE2 imports the route 192.168.1.0/24 through the import-route command.

Correct:

Theimport-route command allows BGP-learned routes to be added to the local routing table (VRF).

❌D. The router ID of the BGP process on the P router is 1.0.0.6. (Incorrect Statement)

Incorrect:

The P router is a transit router and does NOT run BGP for VPNv4 routes.

The router ID of PE2 is 1.0.0.11, and the route originator is 1.0.0.2 (likely PE1).

P routers in an SRv6 BE network do NOT need BGP router IDs.

Final Answer: D (The router ID of the BGP process on the P is 1.0.0.6.)

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – SRv6 L3VPN Routing and End.DT4 Function

Real-World Application:

Service Provider Networks:UsesSRv6 to replace MPLS in large-scale VPN deployments.

5G Transport Networks:ImplementsSRv6 L3VPN for high-speed, low-latency services.

Virtual Networks in Huawei CloudCampus Solution:

Virtual networks (VNs) aresegmented based on services(e.g., IoT, Guest Wi-Fi, Enterprise Wi-Fi).

Each VN has its ownrouting and forwarding instance(VRF).

Isolation Between Virtual Networks:

By default,different virtual networks are isolated.

If inter-VN communication is required, it must be manually configuredusingpolicy-based routing (PBR), inter-VRF routing, or firewall policies.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Solution Guide – Virtual Networks and Segmentation

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Policy-Based Inter-VN Communication

Understanding Huawei OPS and HTTP Communication

????What is Huawei OPS?

HuaweiOpen Programmability System (OPS)enablesAPI-based network automationusing standardHTTP requests.

It supportsNETCONF, RESTCONF, and RESTful APIsfordevice management.

????Why TCP Port 80?

Port 80is thedefault port for HTTP traffic.

Used forweb-based device management, API calls, and telemetry data exchange.

IfHTTPS (secure version) is used, the default port is 443.

Why is the Answer 80?

✅HTTP operates on TCP port 80 by default.

✅Huawei OPS uses HTTP APIs to manage network devices, making port 80 the standard option.

Real-World Application:

Cloud-Native Network Automation:UsesHTTP-based APIs for SDN controllers and automation tools.

Network Device Management:Enablesremote configuration and monitoring over HTTP APIs.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – Open Programmability System (OPS) & HTTP Communication

ForOSPF neighbors to reach Full state, they must exchangeLSAs (Link State Advertisements) properlyand synchronize their databases.

Possible Causes Preventing OSPF from Entering Full State:

✅A. A link works abnormally

If thephysical or Layer 2 linkis unstable,OSPF Hello packetsmay be lost, preventing the Full state.

✅B. The OSPF network types on both ends of the link are inconsistent

OSPF network types (Broadcast, P2P, NBMA, etc.) must matchon both ends.

Example: If one router isP2Pand the other isBroadcast, adjacency issues occur.

✅C. The router IDs of neighbors are the same

Router ID conflicts prevent OSPF adjacencies from forming.

Each router must have aunique Router ID.

✅D. The OSPF MTU values of interfaces on both ends of the link are different

If MTU settings do not match,OSPF Database Description (DD) packets may be dropped, preventing Full state.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei OSPF Configuration Guide – Troubleshooting OSPF Neighbor Issues

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – OSPF Adjacency and Route Synchronization

Portal Authentication vs. MAC Authentication

✅Portal Authentication

Used inhigh-mobility environments(e.g., shopping malls, hotels, and public Wi-Fi hotspots).

Usersauthenticate via a web portalbefore gaining network access.

Supports multiple device types (smartphones, laptops, tablets, etc.).

✅MAC Address Authentication

Used fordumb devicesthatcannot perform interactive authentication(e.g., printers, IP phones, cameras).

The network authenticates devices based on their MAC addresses automatically.

Often used inenterprise LANsto ensureunattended devices get network access securely.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Authentication Guide – Portal and MAC Authentication

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Access Control Mechanisms

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔Breakdown of the NETCONF Configuration:

✅(B) Huawei-YANG Model Used:The namespace contains indicatingHuawei 's YANG model.

✅(C) VLAN 10 is Created:10 confirms VLAN 10 is configured.

✅(D) Merge Operation Used:The xc:operation="merge" tag ensures changes aremergedrather than replacing the entire config.

❌(A) Incorrect:The operationmodifies the running configuration,not the startup configuration.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – NETCONF Configuration Management

On the2.4 GHzband, onlythree non-overlapping channelsexist:1, 6, and 11.

Inhigh-density WLAN scenarios, channels like1, 5, 9, and 13can be used withlower transmit powerto reduce co-channel interference — though they slightly overlap, they can work in dense deployments when managed properly.

On the5 GHzband, there are many non-overlapping channels. It’s recommended tostagger high and low channelsamong adjacent APs toavoid interference.

Correct answer: A. TRUE

InMPLS VPN, packets are forwarded usingtwo labels:

Outer label (Transport Label)– Used by the MPLS backbone for forwarding.

Inner label (VPN Label)– Used by theegress PEto identify the correct VPN instance.

Explanation of Correct Options:

✅A. The egress PE sends the data packet to the correct VPN based on the inner label.

Theinner label is assigned by the egress PEand determines the final destination VPN instance.

✅B. The penultimate hop removes the outer label before forwarding the data packet to a peer egress PE.

Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)occurs when thesecond-to-last router(P router) removes the outer MPLS label before forwarding to theegress PE.

This reduces theprocessing overheadon the egress PE.

✅D. The penultimate-hop device receives a packet with an outer label.

Theouter label is used to forward the packet across the MPLS backbone.

Before reaching the egress PE, thepenultimate router still has the outer labeland processes it.

Incorrect Option:

❌C. The IP data packet received by the egress LSR is without labels.

This isincorrectbecause theinner label (VPN label) is still presentwhen the packet reaches the egress PE.

Only theouter labelis removed by PHP, not the inner VPN label.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – Label Processing

HCIE-Datacom MPLS Traffic Engineering and PHP Mechanism

Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus MPLS VPN Implementation Guide

PQ (Priority Queuing) ensures low-latency services like voice and video are prioritized.

WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) fairly allocates remaining bandwidth to services like FTP.

Option B provides a balanced approach: guarantees for voice/video via PQ, and fairness for FTP via WFQ.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom QoS Module:

“Voice and video traffic should be handled by PQ to minimize delay and jitter. Non-critical services such as FTP should be placed in WFQ queues to ensure bandwidth fairness.”

VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) and Flapping

VRRP ensuresgateway redundancyby allowing multiple routers to work together as avirtual router.Flappingoccurs when themaster and backup routers frequently switch roles.

Causes of VRRP Flapping:

✅A. Too small interval between Advertisement packet transmissions–Can cause flapping

If theAdvertisement interval is too short, frequent VRRP state changes can occur.

✅C. Packet loss on an interface of the backup device–Can cause flapping

If thebackup router loses VRRP packets, it might assume themaster is downand initiate an election.

✅D. Flapping on the link transmitting VRRP Advertisement packets–Can cause flapping

If the link used for VRRPexperiences instability, packets may be lost, triggering VRRP role changes.

Incorrect Answer Explanation:

❌B. Inconsistent preemption delay settings – Does NOT cause VRRP flapping

Preemption delay only affectswhen a router takes over as masterafter recovering from a failure.

It doesnot directly cause flappingbecause the role change happens onlyafter a delay, preventing frequent transitions.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VRRP Configuration Guide – Preventing VRRP Flapping

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – VRRP Timers and Stability

Huawei Open Programmability System (OPS) and Scripting Support

HuaweiOPS (Open Programmability System)enables network automation usingscript-based programmingfordevice management and configuration.

✅Python is the primary language integrated into Huawei OPS.

Python scripts can automate device configurations, monitoring, and troubleshooting.

OPS supports Python libraries for interacting with network APIs and CLI commands.

Used for Huawei CloudCampus, SDN, and Datacom devices.

GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation)supports encapsulation of many protocol types:

SupportsIPv4 and IPv6 unicastencapsulation —✅

Doesnot support IPv6 broadcastencapsulation. GRE doesn’t natively handle multicast or broadcast IPv6 traffic well —❌

It is a lightweight tunneling protocol and relativelyeasy to deploy, placing minimal overhead on devices —✅

Correct answer: C. GRE can encapsulate IPv6 broadcast packets— is incorrect.

IS-IS Multi-Process:

Huawei devices support runningmultiple IS-IS processes simultaneously.

These processes arecompletely independentof one another: different LSDBs, interfaces, routing tables, etc.

Each process can be associated with aseparate VPN instance, and asingle VPN instance can be served by multiple IS-IS processes.

IS-IS Multi-Instance:

One IS-IS process canrun multiple instances, typically used formulti-VPN scenarios.

However, Huawei's current implementation prefersone VPN per processfor clarity and control.

Based on Huawei’s design:

Ais incorrect — an IS-IS processcanserve multiple VPNs in other vendors, but Huawei typically uses one process per VPN for clean separation.

Bis correct — a VPN instance can be associated withmultiple IS-IS processes.

Cis incorrect in Huawei implementation context.

Dis correct —IS-IS processes are independent.

Correct answers: B, D

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Thefree mobility functionin iMaster NCE-Campus allows users to maintain consistent security policies regardless of their physical location within the campus network. To correctly implement this function, the administrator must:

A. Define security groups:Group users and devices based on roles or functions.

B. Deliver the inter-group policy:Apply policies that define how different security groups interact.

C. Deploy a policy control matrix:Establish a matrix that specifies theaccess control policiesbetween security groups.

D. Select the policy enforcement point:Choose devices or interfaces where policies are enforced, such as switches or routers.

All four steps are crucial for achieving dynamic policy enforcement in a virtualized and mobility-oriented campus network.

Understanding MPLS Label Retention Modes

In MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), aLabel Switching Router (LSR)can operate in one of two label retention modes:

1️⃣Liberal Label Retention Mode (LLRM)

Stores all labels receivedfrom neighbors, even if they are not immediately used.

Advantage:Fast convergenceduring link failures.

Disadvantage:Consumes more memory & label space.

2️⃣Conservative Label Retention Mode (CLRM)

Only keeps labels for the best next-hop path.

Advantage:Saves memory & label space.

Disadvantage:Slower convergence when topology changes.

Why are C and D Correct?

✅C. An LSR reserves all labels distributed by its neighbor.

Correct:InLiberal Mode, the routeraccepts and stores all labelsreceived, even for non-best paths.

✅D. The liberal mode requires more memory and label space.

Correct:Since the routerkeeps all labels, it requireshigher memory & storage.

Why are A and B Incorrect?

❌A. An LSR retains labels from a neighboring LSR only when the neighbor is its next hop.

Incorrect:This describesConservative Mode, not Liberal Mode.

❌B. This label retention mode saves memory and label space.

Incorrect:Liberal Mode consumes more memory, not less.

Real-World Application

Liberal Mode is used in large-scale MPLS networks where fast failover is critical.

Conservative Mode is preferred in memory-constrained environments.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – MPLS Label Retention Modes

FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) in MPLS is a group of packets that are forwarded in the same manner. MPLS can classify packets into FECs based on factors such as:

Destination IP address

Source address

CoS (Class of Service)

Application type

However, Fragment Offset, which is part of the IP header used for IP fragmentation, is not used in FEC classification. Fragment offset is more relevant to how IP packets are reconstructed and not suitable or used as a classification standard for forwarding decisions in MPLS.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom V1.0 MPLS Chapter:

“FEC classification may be based on various parameters including destination address, source address, and even CoS values. However, fragment offset is not used as an FEC criterion, as MPLS forwarding occurs before IP reassembly.”

VXLAN networkssuffer from ARP floodingbecause ARP requests arebroadcasted across all VTEPsin a Layer 2 domain. Toreduce ARP flooding, the following mechanisms can be enabled:

✅A. Local Proxy ARP

Allows the local VTEP to respond to ARP requests without forwarding them across the VXLAN network.

The VTEPcaches MAC-IP mappingsand replies directly to ARP requests, reducing unnecessary flooding.

✅B. ARP Broadcast Suppression

Converts ARP broadcast packets into unicast or multicast packetsto minimize network-wide flooding.

✅C. Host Information Collection

Collects and stores MAC-IP bindings of endpoints, which can be used by proxy ARP to reduce flooding.

Incorrect Answer:

❌D. Port Isolation

Port isolation prevents communication between devices within the same VLANbut doesnot help reduce ARP floodingbetween VTEPs.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN Configuration Guide – ARP Optimization Techniques

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Reducing ARP Broadcasts in VXLAN Networks

The free mobility solution in Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus allows:

Centralized policy management via the controller

Security group-based policies, decoupled from IPs/VLANs

Automatic policy delivery, no need to configure repeatedly per device

Dynamic mapping of users and IPs via security group subscriptions

Exact Extract - Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus Solution White Paper:

“Free mobility uses security groups and centralized control to enable consistent policy enforcement, avoiding repetitive configurations and simplifying policy management.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔MPLS label in SR-MPLS is calculated as:

Label=SRGB Base+Prefix-SID

✔Extracting Values from LSDB:

Prefix-SID:100

SRGB Base:40000

✔Label Calculation:

40000+100=40100

✔Matching Answer Choices:

✅40002 is the closest valid label range, makingB the correct answer.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SR-MPLS Label Calculation

Correct Matching of Authentication Methods:

1️802.1X authentication→PC (GE0/0/2 on SW3)

2️MAC address authentication→IP Phone (GE0/0/3 on SW3)

3️⃣Portal authentication→Wireless Clients (Connected via SW2/AP)

Understanding Network Admission Control (NAC) Authentication Methods

????Network Admission Control (NAC)enforcessecurity policies before allowing devices onto the network.

????Different types of devices requiredifferent authentication methodsbased oncapabilities and security requirements.

Analysis of Each Authentication Type:

✅1️⃣802.1X Authentication (Used for PC on GE0/0/2 of SW3)

Best for devices that support user authentication (e.g., PCs, Laptops).

Requiressupplicant software (e.g., Windows or macOS built-in 802.1X client).

Providesstrong security using EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) over RADIUS.

✅2️⃣MAC Address Authentication (Used for IP Phone on GE0/0/3 of SW3)

Best for devices that do not support username/password authentication (e.g., IP Phones, IoT devices).

UsesMAC addresses as identity credentials.

Suitable forVoIP networks, industrial IoT, and surveillance cameras.

✅3️⃣Portal Authentication (Used for Wireless Clients on SW2/AP)

Best for guests or mobile users accessing Wi-Fi networks.

Redirects users to aweb-based login pagebefore granting access.

Used inpublic hotspots, campus Wi-Fi, and enterprise guest networks.

Why These Assignments Are Correct?

1️⃣802.1X for PC:

PCs support 802.1X authentication via supplicants (EAP-MD5, PEAP, etc.).

Ensureshigh security by verifying user credentials.

2️⃣MAC Address Authentication for IP Phone:

IP Phones lack a username/password interface, so authentication is done via MAC addresses.

Simplifies authentication while maintaining security.

3️⃣Portal Authentication for Wireless Clients:

Wireless users do not use 802.1X authentication directly; instead, they are redirected to a web login page.

Common in enterprise guest Wi-Fi and public hotspots.

Real-World Application:

Enterprise NAC Deployment:Ensuresonly authorized users and devices access the corporate network.

Campus & Hotel Wi-Fi Security:UsesPortal Authentication for guests, 802.1X for employees, and MAC-based for VoIP.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – NAC Authentication Methods & Best Practices

Network Slicing Using Channelized Sub-Interfaces and FlexE

Bothchannelized sub-interfacesandFlexE (Flexible Ethernet)are used fornetwork slicing, but they have differentapplication scenarios:

✅A. Channelized sub-interface is recommended for interfaces with bandwidth < 50 Gbit/s.

Channelized sub-interfacessplit a physical interfaceinto multiple logical sub-interfaces.

Best for lower-bandwidth links (<50 Gbit/s).

✅B. FlexE is recommended for 50GE and higher-rate interfaces.

FlexEdivides a high-bandwidth physical link(e.g.,100GE, 400GE) into multiple virtual slices.

Used in high-speed backbone and data center networks.

✅C. Only FlexE-based network slicing can be deployed across OTN devices.

FlexE is compatible with Optical Transport Network (OTN)and can be used for long-haul slicing across OTN.

❌D. Only channelized sub-interface-based network slicing can be deployed across MSTP devices.

Incorrect!While MSTP supports channelized interfaces,FlexE is not restricted to MSTP deployment.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei FlexE Technology Whitepaper – Network Slicing in Transport Networks

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Channelized Sub-Interface and FlexE in Network Slicing

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Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

1. Portal Authentication:

Scenario:Guests who move frequently and use different types of terminals.

Portal authentication (also known as Web authentication) is commonly used in environments like Wi-Fi hotspots, hotels, and public areas.

Users are redirected to a login page where they enter credentials.

This method is flexible for guests and visitors who may frequently change locations or devices.

Use Case:Wi-Fi access for guests in a corporate environment.

2. MAC Address Authentication:

Scenario:Dumb terminals such as printers and fax machines.

MAC address authentication is useful for devices that do not support interactive authentication methods (like printers or IP phones).

It authenticates devices based on theirMAC addresswithout user intervention.

This method is suitable for static, non-user devices that are typically part of the local network.

Use Case:Ensuring that only authorized printers or IP phones connect to the network.

3. 802.1X Authentication:

Scenario:Office users in scenarios demanding high security.

802.1X is aport-based network access control protocolthat authenticates users before allowing network access.

Typically used in wired or wireless LAN environments where high security is required.

It usesEAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)methods and integrates with RADIUS servers.

Use Case:Corporate LAN environments with stringent security policies.

InOSPFv3,Link-LSA (Type 8)is generated by a routerfor each of its interfacesto advertise:

Therouter's link-local addresson that interface.

TheIPv6 prefixesassociated with the interface.

Flags and options, such as router priority or loopback indicators.

From the output:

Link-LSA (Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Originating Router: 10.1.2.2

Link-Local Address: FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79

Prefix: 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64

A. The link-local address of R2’s GE0/0/0 is FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79→ This matches the Link-Local Address field in the LSA.✅

B. The IPv6 address prefix of R2’s GE0/0/0 is 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64→ This matches the Prefix field in the LSA.✅

C. This LSA indicates that R2 does not support external routes but can participate in IPv6 route calculation→❌Incorrect.

TheLink-LSAdoesnot provide any indicationabout external route capabilities.

It simply advertisesinterface-specific IPv6 and link-local info.

Whether R2 supports external routes depends onType 5 (External) or Type 7 (NSSA) LSAs, not Link-LSAs.

D. This LSA is generated by R2→ The Originating Router: 10.1.2.2 is R2’s router ID, so this LSA is definitely generated by R2.✅

Correct Answers:A, B, D

The Link-LSA in OSPFv3 contains:

The link-local address used by the originating router on the link.

A list of all IPv6 prefixes associated with the link.

Flags such as router priority and the Router-LSA options.

These LSAs are alwaysgenerated by the router itselfand arenot flooded beyond the link.

Huawei SD-WAN supports various intelligent traffic steering mechanismsto optimize link utilization andbalance network trafficacross multiple links.

✅D. Traffic bandwidth-based traffic steering

This method ensures that traffic isdistributed across multiple links based on available bandwidth.

SD-WAN dynamically selects linksbased on their real-time bandwidth utilization,ensuring optimal performance and load balancing.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Blackhole MAC address configuration is a security feature that helps protect a network from MAC address spoofing or attacks involving untrusted MAC addresses. When you configure a MAC address as ablackhole MAC address, any packet received with that address as the source or destination will be immediately discarded by the device.

This feature is useful in scenarios where certain MAC addresses are identified as malicious or untrusted. By adding these MAC addresses to the blackhole list, the device effectively blocks communication involving these addresses, thereby mitigating security risks.

Huawei telemetry supports multiple transport protocols such as gRPC, HTTP2, and Kafka. When using gRPC, it is typically paired with TLS for secure encrypted transmission. TLS ensures that telemetry data is not intercepted or modified during transport.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – Telemetry Security Section:

“When using gRPC for telemetry data push, TLS must be configured to encrypt the transport channel between devices and collectors.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SRv6 (Segment Routing over IPv6)works byencoding a segment list in the IPv6 header.

✔How SRv6 Works:

TheSegments Leftfield indicates theremaining segmentsin the path.

Eachendpoint node processes the next segmentand decrementsSegments Leftby 1.

TheIPv6 Destination Address (DA) is updatedto the next segment.

Thus, the statement isTRUE.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SRv6 Packet Forwarding

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheHuawei SD-WAN Solutioninvolves four types of channels to ensure smooth and efficient network operation:

Management Channel (A):Used for managing and monitoring SD-WAN devices. It facilitates communication between theiMaster NCE-Campus controllerand SD-WAN devices.

Control Channel (B):Responsible for transmittingcontrol plane informationsuch as routing updates and protocol control messages.

Data Channel (C):Carries actualuser data trafficover the SD-WAN network.

Orchestration Channel (D):Used forservice orchestration, configuration delivery, and policy management.

All four channels work together to provide comprehensive network management, data transmission, and service orchestration in an SD-WAN environment.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

InHuawei Open Programmability System (OPS), theURL structureis used to specify managed objects in a standardized way.

The URL path/ifm/interfaces/interfaceis used inNETCONF/YANG-based APIsto representinterface-related dataon a device.

This path allows users toquery, configure, or manage network interfacesthrough programmatic means.

TheIFM (Interface Management)model is commonly used for managing network interfaces, and this URL path correctly follows the convention.

Therefore, the statement isTRUE.

✔Egress devicesinHuawei CloudCampus static IPsec VPNinclude:

Access Points (APs)

Routers

Firewalls✅

✔Why Firewalls?

Firewallssupport IPsec VPN terminationforsecure WAN interconnection.

Firewalls provideadvanced security filteringandencryptionfor IPsec traffic.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – IPsec VPN in CloudCampus

In Huawei’sVXLAN implementation, the typical mapping betweenVNIs (VXLAN Network Identifiers)andBDs (Bridge Domains)is:

1:1 mapping— each VNI is uniquely associated with a single bridge domain.

This allows properMAC learning and forwardingin the data plane for isolated tenant traffic.

Other mappings (N:1, 1:N, N:M) may be technically possible butnot recommendedor supported in most enterprise deployments.

Correct answer: B. 1:1

Let’s break it down:

A. ❌ Incorrect — Path computation can be done by both controller and ingress routers, not just the controller.

B. ✅ SR-MPLS extends IGP protocols (e.g., OSPF/IS-IS) for segment distribution, allowing smooth evolution.

C. ✅ Supports TI-LFA (Topology Independent Loop-Free Alternate) for fast failure recovery.

D. ✅ Through source routing, SR-MPLS integrates easily with applications for programmable path control.

Exact Extract – HCIE-Datacom Segment Routing Chapter:

“SR-MPLS supports distributed and centralized path computation, uses IGP extensions for deployment, and supports TI-LFA for FRR. It allows interaction with applications through programmable routing.”

Understanding HTTP/1.1 Response Headers

????What is an HTTP Response?

When a web server responds to an HTTP request, itsends an HTTP response message.

The response containsheaders, a status line, and a response body.

Elements of an HTTP Response Header:

✅A. Status Code→Correct

Indicates the response status (e.g., 200 OK, 404 Not Found).

✅B. Reason Phrase→Correct

Provides ahuman-readable explanationof the status code (e.g., OK, Not Found).

✅C. Protocol Version→Correct

Specifieswhich HTTP version is being used(e.g., HTTP/1.1).

❌D. Response Method→Incorrect

TheHTTP method (GET, POST, etc.) is part of the request, not the response.

The command output shows:

*>i before both networks, which means these routes are the preferred routes (*) and are learned via internal BGP (i).

Two networks are listed: 3002::3 and 3002::4, which means R1does havethese two routes in its BGP IPv6 routing table.

For 3002::4, the path origin shows 65001 i, which means this route originated from AS 65001 and was learned through IBGP.

The AS Path attribute is only shown for 3002::4, but both routes are clearly present.

Therefore, the correct conclusion is:

D. R1 has routes 3002::3/128 and 3002::4/128.

Understanding MPLS LDP and PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping):

✔Label Distribution in MPLS LDP:

LDP assignslabels to FECsso that routers can forward packets based on labels rather than IP lookup.

Labels areadvertised downstream(from R4 to R3, R3 to R2, and so on).

✔Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) Concept:

Theegress LSR (R4)doesnot require an incoming labelfor 4.4.4.0/24.

Instead,R3 (Penultimate LSR) removes the labelbefore forwarding the packet to R4.

R3 forwards the packet as an IP packet, not an MPLS packet, toavoid an unnecessary label lookup at R4.

InMPLS LDP, the label "0" is used to indicate an implicit NULL label (PHP operation).

Why the Answer is "0" (Implicit NULL Label)?

✅Since R4 is the egress LSR, it does not need a label for 4.4.4.0/24.

✅R3 assigns the outgoing label as "0" (Implicit NULL Label)to indicate that the label should be removed before sending to R4.

✅R4 receives the packet as a pure IP packet (no MPLS label).

Why Other Answers Are Incorrect?

❌Any value other than "0"

If R3 assigns a label (e.g., 100), R4 would need to perform anunnecessary MPLS lookup, which is inefficient.

Using "0" ensures PHP occurs, optimizing the forwarding process.

Final Answer: 0

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – MPLS LDP and Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)

SRv6 Instruction Naming Conventions

SRv6 (Segment Routing over IPv6)uses segment identifiers (SIDs) with specific functions, indicated byinstruction keywords:

✅A. T: Searches a specified routing table to forward packets.

T (Table Lookup)→ Performsa lookup in a specified routing tableand forwards packets accordingly.

❌B. M: Searches a Layer 2 forwarding table for unicast forwarding.

Incorrect!SRv6 does not use M for Layer 2 unicast forwarding.

✅C. V: Searches a VPN instance routing table to forward packets.

V (VPN Routing Table Lookup)→Performs a lookup in a VPN instance (VRF) tablefor forwarding.

✅D. X: Forwards packets through one or a group of specified Layer 3 interfaces.

X (Cross-connect forwarding)→Forwards packets via a specified Layer 3 interface or group of interfaces.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei SRv6 Configuration Guide – SRv6 SID Naming and Instruction Set

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) Functionality

InHTTP status codes:

401 Unauthorized: The server has received the request butrequires authentication. This typically means:

No token or credentials were provided.

Credentials/token were incorrect or expired.

Other options:

403 (Access Denied)would mean correct credentials butinsufficient permissions.

404: Resource does not exist.

503: Service unavailable.

Correct answer: A. Unauthorized

Comparison Between Paramiko (SSH) and Telnetlib (Telnet)

✅Paramiko (SSH) is more secure than Telnetlib (Telnet).

SSH (Secure Shell) encrypts login credentials and session datausing encryption protocols likeAES and RSA.

Telnet transmits data in plaintext, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.

✅Why is Telnet Insecure?

No encryption→ Credentials (username/password) are sent in plaintext.

Easily interceptedby attackers using packet sniffers (e.g., Wireshark).

Correct Method for Secure Remote Login in Python:

UseParamiko for SSH-based secure automation.

Example of logging in withParamiko (SSH)in Python:

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()

ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

ssh.connect("192.168.1.1", username="admin", password="password")

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("display version")

print(stdout.read().decode())

ssh.close()

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Security Best Practices – Avoiding Telnet and Using SSH for Secure Access

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Network Automation with Python (Paramiko & Telnetlib)

Huawei iMaster NCE-CampusWi-Fi Location-Based Services (LBS)useHTTP/HTTPSto send location data (such as AP association, signal strength, timestamp, etc.) to an externalLBS platform.

Thestandard format for such data exchange is JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).

JSON is lightweight, readable, and widely supported by modern web APIs and platforms.

Other options:

XML: Used in legacy systems, heavier format.

HTML: Used for page rendering, not data transfer.

YAML: Used mainly in configurations, not standard for HTTP APIs.

Correct answer: C. JSON

Huawei’sNetwork Access Control (NAC)Portal authentication supports various identity authentication methods for user login via a web page. These include:

Username and password— standard method.

Passcode— one-time password or PIN.

SMS verification code— users receive a dynamic code via SMS for identity verification.

However:

MAC addressauthentication is used inMAC-based authentication, not Portal. MAC authentication allows a device to be authenticated using its MAC address without user interaction (i.e., not via a Portal page).

Correct answer: D. User’s MAC address

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InOSPFv3, each LSA type has adefined flooding scope:

Link-LSA (Type 8)

Advertisedonly on the local link

Contains router’s link-local address and prefixes

Scope:Within the local link scope✅

AS-External-LSA (Type 5)

Used to advertiseexternal routes from outside the AS

Flooded across theentire autonomous system, except stub/NSSA areas

Scope:Within an AS✅

Network-LSA (Type 2)

Generated by theDesignated Router (DR)

Describes all routers on a broadcast or NBMA segment

Floodedwithin the originating area

Scope:Within an area✅

Correct Mappings:

Link LSA→Within the local link scope

AS-External-LSA→Within an AS

Network-LSA→Within an area

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SR Policies are dynamically computed and delivered by the SDN controllerin an SR-MPLS or SRv6 network.

✔Correct Statements:

✅(A)NETCONFis used fordelivering configurationslikerouting policies and service interfaces.

✅(B)BGP-LS (Link-State)is used tocollect topologyandcompute SR Policies.

✅(D)BGP IPv6 SR Policydistributes SR policy attributes likecolor, headend, and endpoints.

✔Why Is (C) Incorrect?

❌(C) The controller does not use telemetry to deliver SID entries—telemetry is used forreal-time monitoring, not path computation.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SR Policy and Controller-Based Path Computation

Understanding 6PE & 6VPE in MPLS Networks

6PE (IPv6 Provider Edge) and 6VPE (IPv6 VPN Provider Edge) areMPLS-based solutionsthat allowIPv6 trafficto be carried over anMPLS IPv4 core networkwithout requiring the entire backbone to support IPv6.

????6PE (IPv6 over MPLS - No VPN)

Used forglobal IPv6 routingwithout VPN segmentation.

No need forVRFs (VPN Routing and Forwarding instances)because IPv6 prefixes arehandled natively.

????6VPE (IPv6 VPN over MPLS - Supports VPNs)

ExtendsMPLS L3VPNto supportIPv6 routing inside VPN instances.

UsesMP-BGP VPNv6to distribute IPv6 prefixes insideMPLS VPNs.

Why is the Answer TRUE?

✅No VRFs are required for 6PE:

6PEonly needs BGP labeled IPv6 routesin theglobal routing table.

IPv6 prefixes are carried usingMPLS labelswithout VPN segmentation.

✅VRFs are required for 6VPE, NOT for 6PE:

6VPE requires VPN instances (VRFs)forIPv6 L3VPNs, but6PE does not.

✅Real-World Application:

6PE is used in large ISP networkswhere IPv6 deployment is needed butwithout VPN separation.

6VPE is used for enterprise MPLS VPNs, allowing customers to haveisolated IPv6 routing tables.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – MPLS IPv6 Transition Technologies (6PE & 6VPE)

Understanding User Authentication Points in a Network

Authentication pointscan be deployed at different network layersbased on security and scalability needs:

✅Access Layer Authentication:

Ensureshigh security & granular control(user-level authentication).

Preferred inhigh-security enterprise networks.

✅Aggregation or Core Layer Authentication:

Reduces authentication overheadbutprovides less granular control.

Suitable forlarge-scale networkswhere authentication load needs to be balanced.

Analysis of the Answer Choices:

✅A. Deploying user authentication points at the access layer achieves granular permission management and high network security.

Correct:Providesfine-grained control per userand prevents unauthorized access.

✅B. Moving user authentication points from the access layer to the aggregation or core layer greatly reduces the number of user authentication points, thereby effectively mitigating the pressure on the AAA server.

Correct:Fewer authentication points meanless load on the AAA server.

✅C. Deploying user authentication points at the access layer has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to doing so at the aggregation or core layer. Policy association can be applied if user authentication points are deployed at the access layer.

Correct:Policy-based authentication isbest applied at the access layerforgranular control.

❌D. When user authentication points are moved from the access layer to the aggregation layer, MAC address authentication for users may fail.

Incorrect:MAC authentication worksat both layers, butpolicy adjustmentsmay be needed.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – User Authentication Strategies in Enterprise Networks

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), routers connected over broadcast networks (like Ethernet) elect aDesignated Router (DR)andBackup Designated Router (BDR).DR election is based on theinterface priority. If the priority is set to0, the routercannot become a DR or BDR.

Whenboth routers have a priority of 0,no DR or BDR will be elected, and since the election fails, the neighbor relationship between the two routers willnot advance beyond the 2-Way state. In this state, the routers acknowledge each other but do not exchange routing information in detail (as they only form full adjacency with the DR/BDR).

Therefore, the OSPF neighbor relationship remains in the2-Way state.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔Analyzing the Python Code:

✅(A) Correct→ print(r.json()) prints the response JSON, showing thetoken ID.

✅(B) Correct→ The token request URL is correctly specified.

✅(D) Correct→ json={"userName": nbi_name, "password": nbi_pwd} confirms the requestbody is in JSON format.

❌(C) Incorrect:

The requestuses POST, not GET (requests.post() is explicitly called).

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – RESTful API Authentication in iMaster NCE

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In Huawei'sSD-WAN architecture, the following channels are defined:

Management Channel (Callout 1)

BetweeniMaster NCEandEdge devices.

Used for deviceregistration, configuration, and monitoring.

Encrypted with HTTPS.

Control Channel (Callout 2)

BetweenEdge devices and RR (Route Reflector).

Used forroute exchangeandcontrol signaling, typically overMPLS or Internet.

Data Channel (Callout 3)

BetweenEdge to Edge(e.g., HQ to branch).

Used for actualservice traffic transmission, carried overMPLS, Internet, or both.

Correct Mapping:

Management channel→ Callout1(from iMaster NCE to Edge)

Control channel→ Callout2(Edge to RR)

Data channel→ Callout3(Edge to Edge, over MPLS/Internet)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

1. Understanding VXLAN Asymmetric IRB Forwarding:

InVXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN)networks, there are two types of IRB forwarding:Symmetric IRBandAsymmetric IRB.

InAsymmetric IRB, routing occurs only at the ingress VTEP (Virtual Tunnel Endpoint).

Theingress VTEP (VTEP1)encapsulates the original data frame and sends it to theegress VTEP (VTEP2)over the VXLAN tunnel.

Thedestination MAC addressof the original Ethernet frame is theMAC address of the Layer 3 gateway (VBDIF)at the egress VTEP.

2. Analyzing the Topology:

PC1 (172.16.2.1/24) withMAC Ais sending traffic to PC2 (172.16.1.2/24) withMAC D.

Both PCs are in different subnets, so inter-subnet routing is required.

VTEP1 (1.1.1.1)on SW1 is the ingress VTEP.

VTEP2 (2.2.2.2)on SW2 is the egress VTEP.

TheVXLAN Network Identifier (VNI)for the traffic is100.

SW1 has two VBDIF interfaces:

VBDIF10 (MAC B)- Interface for BD10 (172.16.2.254).

VBDIF20 (MAC C)- Interface for BD20 (172.16.1.254).

3. Packet Flow in Asymmetric IRB:

Step 1:PC1 sends a packet destined for PC2. The packet is routed at theingress VTEP (SW1)using theVBDIF interface (VBDIF10 with MAC B).

Step 2:Theingress VTEP (SW1)encapsulates the packet in aVXLAN header(VNI 100) and sends it toVTEP2.

Step 3:Theoriginal data frame inside the VXLAN packetmust have adestination MAC addressthat matches thegateway MAC address (VBDIF20 - MAC C)at theegress VTEP (SW2).

Step 4:On reachingVTEP2, the encapsulation is removed, and the original frame withdestination MAC Cis forwarded.

Step 5:VTEP2performs Layer 3 routing to forward the packet toPC2.

4. Why MAC C is Correct:

Inasymmetric IRB forwarding, the routing decision at the ingress VTEP ensures that thedestination MACin the original frame is set to theVBDIF (gateway) MAC of the egress VTEP.

Since theegress VTEP (SW2)hasVBDIF20 (MAC C)for the destination subnet (172.16.1.0/24), thedestination MAC addressof the original frame isMAC C.

The incorrect statement is Option C, which says “A site can only belong to only one VPN.” This is false because a single site can belong to multiple VPNs if needed. For example, in some enterprise designs, a site may be part of both the Finance VPN and the Management VPN by configuring multiple routing instances (VRFs) and policies accordingly.

Exact Extract - HCIE-Datacom VPN Technologies Chapter:

“A site may be associated with one or more VPNs, depending on business requirements. This is achieved through VRF and route-target configurations.”

This statement confuses congestion management with congestion avoidance:

Congestion Management: Refers to techniques like PQ, CQ, WRR, etc., to schedule packets in queues — i.e., manage how packets are sent, not discarded.

Congestion Avoidance: Techniques like WRED are used to preemptively discard packets to avoid full queues — these do discard packets.

Hence, congestion management does NOT discard packets — it's about controlling transmission order and prioritization.

Correct answer: B. FALSE

Let's dissect each option based on OSPFv3 LSA behavior from Huawei HCIE Datacom documentation.

✅ Option A: Correct

OSPFv3 uses Router LSAs (Type 1) to describe the local interfaces, links, and neighbors.

R1, as part of Area 0, will generate Router-LSAs and receive Router-LSAs from neighbors in the same area (R2 and R3 via switch S1).

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"Each OSPFv3 router originates a Type 1 Router LSA for each area it belongs to."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 Fundamentals)

❌ Option B: Incorrect (Correct Answer)

Link-LSAs (Type 8) are not sent between routers. They are only generated for each link on which the router has at least one neighbor. These LSAs are only flooded on the local link.

R1 cannot receive two Link-LSAs from R2 about both links. It can only receive the Link-LSA that R2 generates for the shared link with R1. The other link (e.g., to R4 in Area 1) is irrelevant to R1.

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"A Link LSA is generated by a router for each attached link and is sent only to the routers on the same link."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 LSA Types)

✅ Option C: Correct

On broadcast links, DRs generate Type 2 Network LSAs.

If R3 is the DR on the shared segment (with R1), R1 will have the Network-LSA from R3 in its LSDB.

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"The DR on a broadcast network generates a Type 2 Network LSA to describe all routers on that link."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 LSDB Construction)

✅ Option D: Correct

R2 connects Area 0 and Area 1, hence it's an ABR.

ABRs generate Type 3 Inter-Area-Prefix LSAs to advertise IPv6 prefixes from one area to another.

R2 advertises Area 1 prefixes to Area 0 routers (R1 and R3).

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"Inter-Area-Prefix LSAs (Type 3) are generated by ABRs to advertise IPv6 prefixes from one area into another."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - ABR Functionality in OSPFv3)

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔SRv6 Locator and Segment Structure:

TheSRv6 Locatoris2001:DB8:ABCD::/64→ This defines the segment routing namespace for this node.✅

Dynamic Segment (SID)=32 bits→ Defined dynamically per segment.✅

Args Field=32 bits→ Used for function arguments.✅

❌(B) Incorrect→Static segments are NOT explicitly defined as 32-bit fieldsin Huawei SRv6.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – SRv6 Locator and SID Structure

Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA (Type 9) is used in OSPFv3 to carry IPv6 prefix information for a router or network and is flooded within the area.

Link-LSA (Type 8) is only sent on the local link and is not flooded throughout the area.

Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA (Type 3) and Inter-Area-Router-LSA (Type 4) are also flooded within an area but originate from ABRs, typically for cross-area route advertisement.

That said, Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA is specifically flooded within an area, matching the context of the question directly.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom OSPFv3 Module:

“Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs are flooded within the area and advertise the IPv6 prefixes associated with router and network LSAs.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

✔Portal authenticationis aweb-based authentication mechanismused in campus networks tocontrol user access.

✔Correct Statements:

✅(A)ThePortal server exchanges authentication detailswith the access device, which forwards them to the authentication server.

✅(D)When usingHTTP/HTTPS authentication, the client must send authentication credentials to theaccess device, which then forwards them to the authentication server.

✔Incorrect Statements:

❌(B)HTTP/HTTPS support ismandatoryfor web-based authentication.

❌(C)If HTTP/HTTPS is used,Portal authentication may still be required.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – Portal Authentication Mechanism

In YANG model syntax:

cpu-info can be a list node (✓)

cpu-infos can be a container node (✓)

The sampling path does follow the YANG model hierarchy (✓)

However, the prefix huawei-debug: indicates the YANG module name, not an actual data node. Therefore, debug is not necessarily the top node in the YANG hierarchy — it is a node under the huawei-debug namespace/module.

Exact Extract – Huawei Telemetry and YANG Modeling Guide:

“The format : is used in telemetry to indicate paths. The actual top-level node may differ from the module name.”

Understanding L3VPNv4 Over SRv6 BE

????What is L3VPNv4?

L3VPNv4 (Layer 3 VPN over IPv4) allowsMPLS-based VPN servicesover anSRv6 backbone.

UsesMP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP)to distribute VPN routes.

????Why is an RR (Route Reflector) Needed?

AnRR simplifies BGP route exchangebetween multiple PEs (Provider Edge routers).

Without proper configuration, RRs may filter VPNv4 routes, preventing PEs from learning routes correctly.

Why is the Command peer retain-route-target all Needed?

✅Ensures that the RR retains all VPNv4 routes.

✅Prevents the RR from filtering route targets (RTs), allowing full VPN reachability.

✅Without this command, the RR might not reflect all VPNv4 routes, causing connectivity issues.

Real-World Application:

Enterprise MPLS VPNs:Ensurescorrect BGP route reflection in an SRv6-based L3VPN.

Carrier Networks:Helpsservice providers maintain full BGP VPN route distribution.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – BGP Route Reflectors in L3VPN over SRv6

Understanding VXLAN (Virtual eXtensible LAN) Technology

VXLAN is aLayer 2 over Layer 3 encapsulation protocoldesigned toextend Layer 2 domains across routed networksusingMAC-in-UDP encapsulation.

????Key VXLAN Components:

VTEP (VXLAN Tunnel Endpoints):These encapsulate and decapsulate VXLAN packets.

Underlay Network:The routed IP network that forwards VXLAN packets (does not require VXLAN awareness).

Overlay Network:The logical Layer 2 segments tunneled over VXLAN.

Analysis of the Answer Choices:

✅A. VXLAN uses MAC-in-UDP encapsulation to encapsulate Ethernet packets into UDP packets and thereby extend Layer 2 networks.

Correct:VXLAN usesMAC-in-UDP encapsulation, meaning that the originalEthernet frame is placed inside a UDP packet, allowing Layer 2 networks to extend over IP-based networks.

❌B. When VXLAN is deployed, in addition to devices at both ends of a VXLAN tunnel, intermediate forwarding devices are also required to support VXLAN. Otherwise, VXLAN packets cannot be forwarded.

Incorrect:VXLAN packets are forwarded asregular UDP trafficin the underlay network.

Intermediate routers or switches DO NOT need to support VXLAN, as theyonly forward UDP packetsbased on theouter IP headers.

Only VTEP devices must support VXLANbecause they handleencapsulation/decapsulation.

✅C. VXLAN packets are forwarded through routes on the underlay network, and the MAC address of the terminal in the inner data frame is not considered during underlay forwarding.

Correct:The underlay network routesVXLAN packetsusingouter IP headers(VTEP IP addresses),not the inner MAC address.

✅D. VXLAN can be deployed on campus networks to implement Layer 2 and Layer 3 communication.

Correct:VXLAN is commonly used incampus networksto provide bothLayer 2 bridgingandLayer 3 routingacross different locations.

Real-World Application:

Data Center Networks:VXLAN is widely used formulti-tenant network segmentationin cloud environments.

Enterprise Campus Networks:Enablesseamless Layer 2 and Layer 3 connectivityacross different buildings or locations.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – VXLAN Deployment and Forwarding Principles

Why is Free Mobility Not Based on VLANs or IP Addresses?

Free mobilityin Huawei CloudCampus implementspolicy-based user access controlbased onuser identity (rather than VLANs or IP addresses).

Users canmove across different network locationswhile maintaining their assignedsecurity and access policies.

✅How Free Mobility Works:

Policies are applied based onUser Groupsinstead of VLAN or IP.

UsesGroup-Based Policy Control (GBP)andSoftware-Defined Access (SDA)principles.

❌Incorrect Statement Explanation:

Traditional networks rely on VLANs and IP addresses for segmentation, butFree Mobility applies policies at the user level, allowing seamless access anywhere on the network.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Solution Guide – Free Mobility and Policy Control

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Identity-Based Networking

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Thetelemetry protocol stackis structured as follows:

Communication layer (A):Managesdata transmissionbetween the telemetry client (device) and the server.

Transport layer (B):Uses protocols such asgRPC, HTTP/2, or TCPto transmit telemetry data.

Data encoding layer (C):Encodes data using formats likeJSON, Protobuf, or XML.

TheData analysis layer (D)isnot part of the telemetry protocol stackitself.

Data analysis typically occursafter the data has been collected and receivedon the server or collector.

Telemetry focuses ondata collection, encoding, transport, and transmission, not on analysis.

Therefore, the correct answer isD.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In SR-MPLS, ifprefix SIDs conflict, the following principles are applied:

Prefix with a smaller value (numerically lower SID) wins.

If the prefix length is the same, the lower SID value is selected.

In this case:

Both1.1.1.1/32 2 (A)and1.1.1.1/32 1 (B)have the same prefix length.

SinceSID 1is numericallysmallerthanSID 2,B (1.1.1.1/32 1)is selected.

The other routes (C and D) have different prefixes and do not directly conflict.

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)is a key concept inMPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), where packets with thesame forwarding characteristicsare grouped into an FEC and assigned a label.

Correct Answers (Cannot be Used for FEC Allocation):

A. Fragment Offset–Incorrect as an FEC allocation standard

Fragment offset is used forreassembling fragmented IP packetsat the receiver side.

It isnot relevant for MPLS label assignment.

B. Application Protocol–Incorrect as an FEC allocation standard

MPLSdoes not classify packets based on application-layer protocols(e.g., HTTP, FTP).

It worksmainly at Layer 2 and Layer 3.

Incorrect Answers (Valid FEC Allocation Standards):

C. Destination Address–Valid FEC allocation criterion

One of themost commonMPLS FEC classifications.

Packets with thesame destination are groupedinto the same FEC.

D. Class of Service (CoS)–Valid FEC allocation criterion

MPLS usesCoS-based traffic classification(e.g., Exp bits in MPLS headers).

Different CoS levels can be mapped to different labels.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS Technology Guide – FEC and Label Assignment

HCIE-Datacom MPLS VPN Configuration Guide

Understanding IRB (Integrated Routing and Bridging) Forwarding in VXLAN

VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) supportsLayer 2 and Layer 3 forwardingbetween Virtual Network Identifiers (VNIs).

IRB (Integrated Routing and Bridging)enables inter-subnet communication within a VXLAN fabric.

There aretwo modes of IRB forwarding:

Symmetric IRB

Asymmetric IRB

Why the Answer is "Symmetric" IRB Forwarding?

✔Ingress VTEP performs both Layer 2 and Layer 3 lookups:

Symmetric IRBrequiresboth ingress and egress VTEPsto performLayer 3 lookups.

Theingress VTEP (source gateway) performs a Layer 2 MAC lookup, then aLayer 3 lookupto find the destination VTEP.

Theegress VTEP (destination gateway) performs another Layer 3 lookupbefore forwarding the packet to the destination.

✔Asymmetric IRB does not perform two lookups at the ingress VTEP:

In Asymmetric IRB,the ingress VTEPperforms both Layer 2 and Layer 3 forwardingandsends a Layer 2 packet to the egress VTEP.

Theegress VTEP only does a Layer 2 lookup, not a Layer 3 lookup.

Since thequestion states that both L2 and L3 lookups occur at the ingress VTEP,asymmetric IRB is incorrect.

✔Why Symmetric IRB is More Common?

Scalability:Supportsany-to-any communicationacross VXLAN networks.

More Efficient Routing:UsesLayer 3 VXLAN encapsulation, ensuring efficient routing between VNIs.

????Reference:Huawei HCIE Datacom – VXLAN Symmetric and Asymmetric IRB Forwarding

In theHuawei SD-WAN solution, LAN-side devices (such as CPEs and aggregation routers) usevarious routing protocolsto connect to Layer 3 networks and exchange routes dynamically. The supported protocols include:

✅A. IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

Alink-state protocoloften used in large enterprise networks forfast convergenceandscalability.

✅B. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Awidely used dynamic routing protocolfor intra-domain (LAN) connectivity.

Commonly used in enterprise networkstoconnect SD-WAN edge routers to LAN networks.

✅C. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

BGP is primarily used forWAN and internet connectivity, but it can also be usedinside large enterprise networksfor LAN-side routing.

BGP enables inter-domain routing and policy-based route control.

✅D. RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

A legacy distance-vector protocolstill supported in some networks for basic LAN routing.

Less preferred due toslow convergence and hop-count limitations.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei SD-WAN Deployment Guide – LAN-Side Routing Protocols

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Routing Configuration in SD-WAN

In Huawei’sFree Mobility solution:

Authentication Point (AP): Identifies users and associates them with aSecurity Group Tag (SGT)upon access.

Policy Enforcement Point (PEP): Enforces policiesbetween different security groups, such as allowing or denying traffic.

Key points:

Ais correct — The PEP enforces inter-group access based on defined policies.

Bis incorrect — AP and PEPcan be on separate devices, offering deployment flexibility.

Cis incorrect — Thepolicy enforcementhappens at thePEP, not the AP. AP's job is to authenticate and tag traffic.

Dis correct — AP and PEP can be deployed ondifferent devices.

Correct answers: A, D

IGP Metric Design in Enterprise WANs

In anenterprise bearer WAN, routingmetrics determine path selection. Theaggregation layerconnects multiple access-layer devices to the core network, so it should have alower metricto:

✅Ensure traffic is forwarded through higher-capacity aggregation links instead of lower-bandwidth access links.

✅Optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve network efficiency.

✅Enhance reliability by preferring more stable aggregation links.

IGP Routing Protocols Considerations:

OSPF: Lower cost values indicate preferred paths.

IS-IS: Lower link metrics result in preferred forwarding paths.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei IGP Design Guide – Enterprise WAN Routing Optimization

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Metric Calculation and Path Selection in OSPF/IS-IS

Challenges of Static VXLAN Tunnel Configuration

Astatic VXLAN tunnelrequires manualVTEP-to-VTEP configuration, making it complex to maintain.

✅A. Heavy configuration workload in a distributed gateway scenario

Static VXLAN requires manual configuration of VTEP mappings, making itdifficult to scale and adjustwhen adding new VTEPs.

✅B. Remote MAC addresses are learned through data flooding

UnlikeBGP EVPN-based VXLAN, whichadvertises MAC/IP bindings through BGP,static VXLAN relies on flooding for MAC learning, causingexcessive traffic.

✅D. N(N-1)/2 tunnels are required for full mesh connectivity

IfN devices need to communicate, each must be manually configured withN(N-1)/2 VXLAN tunnels, leading tohigh administrative overhead.

Incorrect Statement Explanation:

❌C. Static VXLAN tunnels use protocols on the control plane, consuming device resources.

Wrong!Static VXLANdoes not use a control plane protocollike BGP EVPN.

Instead,it relies entirely on static mappings, reducing control plane usage.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN Configuration Guide – Static vs. Dynamic VXLAN Tunnel Establishment

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Manual Configuration Challenges in Static VXLAN