ISTQB CTFL-Foundation Dumps

For every development activity, there is a corresponding testing activity to ensure that testing is integrated into the development process. Additionally, involving testers early in the document review process allows for the identification of defects and issues early in the lifecycle, which aligns with the principles of early and continuous testing. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 1.4.1​​.

Test independence is beneficial because it helps to avoid author bias, ensuring that the tests are designed and executed objectively. When testers who are not involved in the development of the code test it, they bring a fresh perspective and are more likely to identify defects that the developers might have overlooked due to familiarity with their own work. This principle is supported by the ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, which highlights that independence can enhance the effectiveness of testing by eliminating the preconceived notions and biases of those who wrote the code​​.

The three decisions are in sequence and the conditions are all mutually exclusive (if any one is true the others must be false). Hence a test case that makes the first decision true will make the second and third decisions false and so on.

So test case 1 (say Time = 6) would exercise the path True, False, False, test case 2 (say Time = 15) would exercise the path False, True, False. Test case 3 would have to be Time = 12. This combination achieves 100 per cent decision coverage because each decision has been exercised through its true and its false outcomes.

Maintenance testing refers to the testing that is conducted on a software system that has been changed, either through corrections, enhancements, or other modifications. Its main purpose is to ensure that the changes have been implemented correctly and that the system as a whole continues to function as intended. This type of testing is crucial after a system has been released and needs to be updated or fixed. Maintenance testing ensures that the new changes do not adversely affect the existing functionality of the system​​.REREE33

When working with software development models, it is crucial to adapt the models to the context of the specific project and product characteristics. Different projects and products may require different approaches, and flexibility in choosing or adapting a model ensures that the development process is efficient and effective. This customization allows for better alignment with project requirements, timelines, and risks, ultimately leading to a higher quality product​​.

Different types of applications require different testing approaches based on their specific characteristics, risk profiles, and operational environments. For example, testing a financial application would focus heavily on security and accuracy, while testing a mobile game might focusmore on performance and usability. The context-driven nature of software testing recognizes that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and effective testing must be tailored to the particular application under test.

Logic coverage includes different forms such as Statement Coverage, Condition Coverage, and Path Coverage. Pole Coverage is not a recognized form of logic coverage in software testing. The three correct forms measure different aspects of the code's logic to ensure thorough testing. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 4.3.1​​.

A risk-based approach to testing provides information on the types of test techniques to be employed. This approach prioritizes the testing of features and functions based on their risk of failure and their impact on the organization. By identifying the areas of highest risk, test managers can allocate resources and select test techniques that are most likely to uncover defects in these critical areas. This approach ensures that testing efforts are focused where they are most needed. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 5.2 .QUESTION NO: 85

When assembling a test team to work on an enhancement to an existing system, which of the following has the highest level of test independence?

A. A business analyst who wrote the original requirements for the system.

B. A permanent programmer who reviewed some of the new code, but has not written any of it.

C. A permanent tester who found most defects in the original system.

D. A contract tester who has never worked for the organization before.

Answer: D

In this scenario, the contract tester who has never worked for the organization before has the highest level of test independence. The three others are less independent as they are likely to make assumptions based on their previous knowledge of the requirements, code and general functionality of the original system.

Note that independence does not necessarily equate to most useful. In practice most test or project managers would recruit a permanent tester who has worked on the original system in preference to a contract tester with no knowledge of the system. However, when assembling a team it would be useful to have staff with varying levels of test independence and system knowledge.

It is unlikely that developers will have a better understanding of the requirements than testers, partly because testers work closely with the user community (and may be drawn from it) and partly because developers seldom work with the complete set of requirements in a medium to large development.

Testers may raise incidents related to the difference between user expectations and the specification, but these are not unnecessary. Such issues are more likely to arise at the later stages of testing.

Early testing (unit testing) is usually done most effectively by developers with a good understanding of the code and the development environment; they can be more efficient andmore effective at this level. Later independent stages of testing offset any disadvantage from the lack of independence at unit testing level.

Reporting discrepancies as incidents is part of the Test Implementation and Execution phase. During this phase, any deviations from expected results, bugs, or issues discovered are logged as incidents. These incidents are then managed and tracked until they are resolved. This phase is crucial for identifying and documenting problems that occur during the testing process​​.

Test implementation and execution involve several major tasks, which include:

i. Developing and prioritizing test cases, creating test data, writing test procedures, and optionally preparing the test harnesses and writing automated test scripts. This is crucial for ensuring that all aspects of the software are thoroughly tested and that the tests are prepared systematically.

ii. Creating the test suite from the test cases for efficient test execution. This helps organize the test cases in a way that optimizes the testing process and ensures coverage.

iii. Verifying that the test environment has been set up correctly. Ensuring that the test environment is correctly configured is critical for valid test results.

iv. Determining the exit criteria is part of the test planning phase, not the implementation and execution phase.

According to the ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, version 4.0, these activities are critical for the successful implementation and execution of tests. Therefore, the statement "i, ii, iii are true and iv is false" accurately reflects the tasks involved in this phase​​.

A deviation from the specified or expected behavior that is visible to end-users is defined as a "failure." According to the ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, version 4.0:

Anerroris a human action that produces an incorrect result.

Afault(also known as a defect or bug) is a flaw in a component or system that can cause the system to fail to perform its required function.

Afailureoccurs when a fault is executed, leading to a deviation from the expected behavior, and this deviation becomes apparent to the end-users.

Thus, a visible deviation from the specified or expected behavior is termed a failure in the context of software testing​​.

Testing and debugging are two distinct activities in the software development process. Testing, particularly dynamic testing, involves executing the software to identify failures caused by defects. It aims to find and document defects. Debugging, on the other hand, is the process of diagnosing and fixing the root causes of the failures identified during testing. According to the ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, testing demonstrates the presence of defects, while debugging addresses and removes these defects​​.

When what is visible to end-users is a deviation from the specific or expected behavior, it is called a failure. A failure occurs when the software does not perform a function as expected or produces incorrect results, which can be observed by the users. This is distinct from an error, which is a human action that produces an incorrect result, a defect (or bug), which is a flaw in the software, or a fault, which is another term for a defect​​.

A tool that supports traceability, recording of incidents, or scheduling of tests is called a test management tool. These tools help in planning, managing, and tracking the testing process, providing features for managing test cases, tracking defects, and maintaining traceability between test artifacts​​.

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Reviewing the test basis is a key activity in the Test Analysis and Design phase. This phase involves analyzing the test basis documents (such as requirements, design specifications, and use cases) to identify test conditions and design test cases. The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus explains that thorough review of the test basis ensures that the tests are aligned with the specified requirements and design, improving the accuracy and relevance of the tests​​.

Boundary value testing focuses on testing at the boundaries between partitions. It tests conditions on, below, and above the edges of input and output equivalence classes to identify defects that occur at the boundaries. This technique is different from equivalence partitioning, which divides input data into partitions but does not specifically target boundary conditions. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 4.2.1​​.

Statement testing is a structure-based (white-box) technique. This technique involves testing the internal structure of the application, focusing on the execution of the statements within the code. The goal is to ensure that every statement in the code has been executed at least once during the testing process. Other options like decision table testing, state transition testing, and boundary value analysis are black-box techniques, which do not require knowledge of the internal code structure. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 4.3.1​​.

The amount of testing that is considered enough depends on various factors, including the level of risk associated with the application, industry standards, contractual obligations, and specific requirements. It is a risk-based decision that balances the need for thorough testing with time and resource constraints. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 5.2.2​​.

A disadvantage of independent testing is that developers might lose a sense of responsibility for the quality of their work. When developers rely too much on independent testers to find defects, they may become less diligent in their own testing and quality assurance efforts. The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus points out that while independent testing can provide an unbiased perspective and identify defects that might be missed by developers, it can also lead to potential downsides such as diminished developer accountability​​.

Iterative development models include the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model and Agile development model. The ISTQB CTFL syllabus v4.0 explains that these models involve repeated cycles of development activities, allowing for incremental improvements and adjustments based on feedback​​.

A valuable objective for a test team is to cause as many failures as possible so that faults can be identified and corrected. This approach is essential because the primary goal of testing is to uncover defects that could potentially lead to failures in the software. By intentionally causing failures, testers can identify and document faults, which can then be fixed to improve the overall quality of the software.

The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus, version 4.0, emphasizes that finding and fixing defects is a core purpose of testing. It is more important to identify and address issues than to prove the absence of defects. Therefore, causing failures to find faults aligns with the fundamental objectives of software testing​​.

During the test analysis and design stage, test management tools and requirements management tools are most useful. Test management tools help in organizing and managing the testing activities, including planning, tracking, and reporting test progress. Requirements management tools assist in ensuring that the test cases are aligned with the requirements, thereby improving traceability and coverage. These tools support the efficient design and management of tests. Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 5.1.2​​.

The main purpose of the component build and integration strategy is to specify which components to combine when, and how many at once. This strategy helps manage the complexity of integrating different parts of the system by providing a structured approach to combining components incrementally. It ensures that integration is done systematically, reducing the risk of integration issues and making it easier to identify and resolve problems as they arise​​.

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Effective communication is crucial during reviews and testing. When testers and reviewers communicate defects as personal criticism rather than focusing on the software product, it can lead to conflicts and a toxic team environment. The ISTQB CTFL Syllabus stresses the importance of maintaining a professional and objective approach to defect reporting to avoid interpersonal conflicts and promote a collaborative atmosphere​​.

Test case 1 exercises the decision outcomes True, False, False

Test case 2 exercises the decision outcomes False, True, False

This leaves the True outcome of decision 3 not exercised.

Of the 6 possible decision outcomes, 5 have been exercised, so the decision coverage is 5/6 (about 83%).

Independent testing is crucial because independent testers can provide an unbiased perspective and verify the assumptions made during the specification and implementation phases. This helps in identifying defects that might be overlooked by developers who are closely involved in the creation of the system.

For a web-based service designed to be available 24/7, a comprehensive testing approach is necessary to ensure functionality, security, reliability, and performance. Functional testing at the system level will verify the security aspects. Load testing at the system level will ensure the system can handle expected loads and remain available. Regression testing across all levels will confirm that changes do not introduce new defects. Structure-based testing at the component level will ensure the internal structure of components is robust. The ISTQB syllabus outlines these testing types and their importance in different contexts and levels​​.

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An effective incident report should provide a clear and detailed description of the issue, including the title, reproducibility, a detailed description of the failure, and any relevant references to specifications. This helps in accurately identifying, reproducing, and resolving the defect. In this case, including the specific reference to the PID and a screenshot helps provide all necessary information for resolving the issue.

State transition testing is the most effective test design technique for testing screen-dialog flows. This technique is used to model the different states of a system and the transitions between those states, which is ideal for verifying that the system behaves correctly as the user navigates through different screens and dialogs.

Integration testing focuses on the interactions between integrated components or systems. It aims to identify defects in the interfaces and interaction points between different parts of the system. According to the ISTQB syllabus, the test basis for integration testing typically includes software and system design documents, while the test objects are the interfaces and interactions between components. The goal is to ensure that the integrated parts function together as intended​​.

Testing support tools are typically used to automate activities that are resource-intensive when done manually, repetitive tasks, and repetitive inspections. However, they are not usually designed to automate activities that cannot be executed manually at all, as such activities may require complex and sophisticated human intervention or decision-making.

Use-case testing involves scenarios based on the use cases of a system. In a use-case diagram, an actor represents a type of user (i). A use-case describes interactions between actors and the system (iii). Test cases can be based on use-case scenarios (v), and use-case testing often identifies gaps not found by testing individual components (vi). However, an actor is not always a human user (iv), and use-cases are not the most common test basis for unit testing (ii).

The selection of a software development model should be based on the specific characteristics of the product and project. Factors such as project size, complexity, requirements stability, and team expertise influence the choice of the most suitable development model. The ISTQB syllabus explains that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and the decision should be tailored to the context and needs of the project​​.

Statement coverage is a white-box testing technique that involves executing all the statements in the code at least once. It is not considered a black-box technique because it requires knowledge of the internal structure of the code being tested. Black-box techniques, such as equivalence partitioning, state transition testing, and boundary value analysis, focus on testing the functionality of the software without considering its internal code structure.

A technical review is a formal type of review that focuses on discussing, making decisions, evaluating alternatives, finding defects, solving technical problems, and checking conformance to specifications, plans, regulations, and standards. It is typically conducted by a team of experts and aims to ensure the technical quality of the product.

Decision table testing is a black-box test design technique used to test system requirements and to ensure that different combinations of inputs result in appropriate outputs. It is especially useful for testing complex business logic and rules where various combinations of conditions need to be verified.

System testing is a level of software testing where a complete and integrated software is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the specified requirements. System testing is conducted on the entire system to verify that it behaves as expected and meets the functional and non-functional requirements defined in the scope of the project.

Component testing, also known as unit testing, involves testing individual components of the software separately. This type of testing focuses on the functionality of a specific section of the code. To facilitate this process, stubs and drivers are often used. Stubs are dummy modules that simulate the behavior of lower-level modules that are not yet integrated. Drivers are used to simulate higher-level modules that control the component being tested.

Valid test objectives include finding defects (i), gaining confidence about the level of quality and providing information (ii), and preventing defects (iii). Debugging the code (iv) is not a valid test objective as it is a part of the development process rather than the testing process.

Test planning should be a continuous activity throughout the software development lifecycle. This ensures that the test plans remain relevant and effective, adapting to any changes in the project scope, requirements, or timelines.

A valid objective of testing is to prevent defects. While correcting defects and locating defects in the code are part of the testing process, the primary goal is often to prevent defects by identifying issues early in the development cycle and improving the overall quality of the software. Ensuring no defects are present is an unrealistic objective, as testing can demonstrate the presence of defects but not their absence.

To achieve 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage for the provided pseudo code, at least two test cases are required. The first test case should cover the scenario where X > Y, which will execute the statements in the "if" branch. The second test case should cover the scenario where X ≤ Y, which will execute the statements in the "else" branch. This ensures that both the true and false branches of the decision are tested, and all statements in the code are executed at least once.

White box testing design is characterized by its focus on the internal structure of the component or system. It involves testing based on knowledge of the code structure, architecture, and internal design. This approach contrasts with black box testing, which is based on functional specifications without any knowledge of the internal workings of the software.

An incident report should include additional details such as the status of the incident (e.g., new, open, closed), the degree of impact (e.g., critical, major, minor), and the Test Case Number to provide a complete understanding of the context and severity of the issue.

White box testing techniques, also known as structure-based techniques, focus on the internal structure of the software. Decision testing (C) is a white box technique that involves creating test cases to execute specific decision points in the code, such as conditional statements. This ensures that all possible paths through the code are tested, helping to identify defects related to the control flow of the application. Other techniques listed, such as use case testing and state transition testing, are black box techniques that focus on the software's functionality from the user's perspective​​.

To achieve 100% decision coverage, each decision point in the pseudo code must be tested for both true and false outcomes. In the provided pseudo code, the decision point is the if-else statement checking the gender. Therefore, we need two test cases: one where Gender is 'female' and one where Gender is not 'female' (e.g., 'male'). This ensures that both paths (true and false) are covered​​.

When considering the use of testing tools, it is essential to first perform an analysis of the current test process. This analysis helps identify areas where tool support can provide the most benefit. Introducing tools without this assessment might lead to inefficiencies or the selection of inappropriate tools. A thorough evaluation ensures that the tools will effectively support and enhance the existing test process.

A test condition is defined as an item or event that can be verified by one or more test cases. It can include functions, transactions, structural elements, or quality attributes that need to be tested to ensure the system behaves as expected.

Experience-based and intuition-based testing techniques, such as error guessing and exploratory testing, can be valuable in uncovering defects that formal techniques might miss. These approaches leverage the tester's knowledge, intuition, and experience, providing a complementary layer to more structured and formal testing techniques.

The main reason for using a pilot project to introduce a testing tool into an organization is to assess whether the tool will be cost-effective. A pilot project allows the organization to evaluate the tool's benefits, identify any potential issues, and determine whether the investment in the tool is justified based on its performance and the value it adds.

For a review process to be successful, several factors must be in place. According to the ISTQB syllabus, successful reviews generally have clearly defined objectives (a), involve the right people who understand the objectives of the review (c), and place an emphasis on learning and process improvement (d). These elements ensure that the review is focused, effective, and contributes to the overall improvement of the software development process​​.

Effective ways to improve communication and relationships between testers and other team members include communicating factual information in a constructive way (a) and trying to understand how the other person feels and why they react the way they do (b). These approaches foster a collaborative and empathetic environment, reducing friction and enhancing teamwork.

The correct sequence in the causal chain is "Error, fault, failure". An error (or mistake) made by a person can lead to a fault (or defect) in the software. When the fault is executed, it may cause a failure in the software system. This sequence is important to understand the cause and effect relationship in software testing and defect management​​ .

Functional and structural testing can be applied at all test levels. Functional testing focuses on verifying that the software behaves as expected based on the requirements, while structural testing examines the internal structure and workings of the software. These testing approaches are complementary and can be used together at various stages of testing, including component, integration, system, and acceptance testing. Applying both types of tests ensures a comprehensive evaluation of the software's functionality and internal structure​​.

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Good testing practice involves early involvement of testers in the software development process. This helps identify defects early and provides better understanding and clarification of requirements. Involving testers in reviewing requirements or user stories as soon as drafts are available allows for early detection of defects, which is more cost-effective and efficient. This practice is beneficial regardless of the software lifecycle model used​​ .

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The testability of requirements is evaluated during the Test Analysis and Design stage of the fundamental test process. In this stage, the test team reviews the requirements to ensure they are clear, complete, and testable. The focus is on understanding the test basis and defining the test conditions, test cases, and test data necessary to verify the requirements​​.

Static analysis tools are designed to analyze code without executing it. They are particularly good at finding defects related to code structure, such as variables that are not used or improperly declared. These tools can parse the code and identify issues that may not be easily detected through dynamic testing methods. Other issues like omission of a major requirement (A), inadequate decision coverage (B), and component memory leakage (C) are typically found through dynamic testing or higher-level verification techniques​​ .

A Test Procedure Specification is a document that outlines the precise steps required to execute a test. It includes detailed instructions on the setup, execution, and teardown of the test environment, as well as the specific actions to be performed and the expected results. This document ensures that tests are conducted consistently and repeatably​​.

Writing test summary reports is typically the responsibility of a test leader or manager, who consolidates testing activities and results to communicate with stakeholders. Testers are more involved in preparing and acquiring test data, setting up and checking the test environment, and reviewing tests developed by others. These tasks are more hands-on and technical, aligning with the role of a tester​​ .

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Equivalence Partitioning is a black box test design technique used to divide input data into partitions that are expected to be treated the same by the system. It focuses on ensuring that each partition represents a set of valid or invalid states for the input, and one test case from each partition is enough to cover the entire set. This technique does not rely on the internal structure of the code but rather on the functionality and behavior as seen from the user's perspective​​.

Load testing is a type of non-functional testing used to verify that the system can handle a specified load of users performing transactions within acceptable performance parameters. In this case, load testing would ensure that up to 100 users can carry out transactions simultaneously with response times within 5 seconds. This testing helps identify performance bottlenecks and ensure that the system meets the performance requirements under expected user load conditions​​.

For a system with complex business rules and many branches, decision testing (a white-box technique) is appropriate because it ensures that each decision point (branch) in the code is tested. Equivalence partitioning (a black-box technique) complements this by ensuring that all functional areas (based ondifferent inputs) are adequately tested. This combination provides thorough coverage of both the internal logic and the functional requirements of the system​​.

Testing is primarily aimed at detecting defects, verifying the functionality, and providing information to stakeholders for decision-making. While investigating defects is part of the testing process, fixing defects is not typically considered an objective of testing; it falls under the development activities. The main objectives of testing include preventing defects (through early testing activities), gaining confidence in the system, and providing valuable information to stakeholders​​.

An incident report typically includes the version(s) of the software under test, expected results and actual results, and precise steps to reproduce the problem. However, the test execution schedule is not a standard part of an incident report. It is more relevant to test planning and management documents rather than incident reporting​​.

Structural testing, also known as white-box testing, focuses on the internal structure of the software. It includes testing all paths, achieving decision coverage, and ensuring that all branches within the component calls are tested. Ensuring that users can navigate to all fields on the screen, however, is a form of functional testing, which focuses on the behavior and usability of the application from the user's perspective, rather than its internal structure​​.

The amount of testing effort is highly influenced by the predicted number of defects and the subsequent amount of rework required. If a high number of defects are expected, more effort will be needed to identify, document, and retest the defects after they are fixed. This impacts the overall testing workload significantly compared to other factors such as the ratio of developers to testers, which affects team dynamics but not the core testing effort​​.

To meet the test plan requirements and logical dependencies, the test schedule should start with re-tests (those that have previously failed), followed by the highest priority tests. Additionally, tests should be scheduled to create necessary test data for subsequent tests. In this case, teste(log in as admin user and create a standard user) must be done first as it is necessary to perform all other actions. Following this, testa(log in as standard user and create customer account) creates the standard user needed for subsequent actions. Then, the highest priority testd(order twoitems or more), which has failed before, should be executed next, followed by testc(create invoice for order), and finally testb(order one item)​​.

Maintenance testing is typically triggered by changes to the operational system, such as data migration, system modification, or system retirement. These triggers require testing to ensure that the changes do not negatively impact the existing functionality. However, the introduction of a test management tool does not directly affect the operational system and is not considered a trigger for maintenance testing​​.

Providing support for the test team using the tool is crucial for successful deployment. This includes training the test team on how to effectively use the tool, offering ongoing support to address any issues, and integrating the tool into existing processes. By ensuring that the team is well-equipped and confident in using the tool, the organization can maximize the benefits of the tool and improve overall testing efficiency​​.

Common metrics used for monitoring test preparation and execution typically include quantitative measures such as the number of test cases passed and failed, the percentage of planned test cases designed, and the percentage of tasks completed in test environment preparation. These metrics provide insights into the progress and effectiveness of the testing process. However, the number of test plan review comments is not a typical metric for this purpose, as it does not directly measure the progress or quality of test execution​​.

In the provided state table, an invalid transition is represented by an empty cell. According to the table, Event E from State S4 is an invalid transition as the cell for this combination is empty. This indicates that the transition from State S4 on Event E is not defined​​.

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The pesticide paradox in testing refers to the phenomenon where continuously using the same set of tests on the software eventually becomes less effective at finding new defects. Just as insects can develop resistance to pesticides over time, software defects become less detectable by tests that are not updated. Therefore, to maintain the effectiveness of testing, it is essential to regularly review and revise the test cases to introduce new tests and update existing ones​​.

Decision coverage is a testing metric used to ensure that all possible paths (decisions) in the code have been executed at least once. It is not used to verify the correctness of module calls, which ismore related to integration testing or control flow testing. Options A, B, and D describe valid uses of decision coverage, ensuring that decisions are exercised in programs, business processes, and measuring the extent of coverage by a test suite​​ .

An independent test function in an organization helps improve defect finding during reviews and testing by providing an unbiased perspective on the software. Independent testers are not influenced by the development team’s constraints and can evaluate the software more objectively. This leads to the identification of defects that might be overlooked by developers who are too close to their own code. Independent testing enhances the quality and reliability of the software by bringing fresh insights and ensuring thorough testing​​.

Measurement of code coverage is important because it helps ensure that all code is exercised by tests. This does not guarantee that there are no coding errors or that all requirements are covered, but it helps identify untested parts of the code, allowing for better test coverage and more robust testing processes​​.

According to the decision table, Test Case 1 is valid because an employee who is not a car or motorcycle driver cannot claim expenses, as shown in Rule 1. Test Case 3 is valid because a motorcycle driver can claim expenses, as indicated in Rule 2, with expenses claim band A. However, Test Case 2 is invalid because, according to Rule 5, a car driver with a diesel engine greater than 1600cc cannot claim expenses. The expected result should be that the expense claim is not allowed, not band C​​.

According to the decision table:

For TC1, since Paul is not a full member but is a Loyalty Card holder and requests 18 holes with a buggy/cart, the applicable action is £18 Green Fees plus £5 for buggy/cart, totaling £23.

For TC2, since Cheryl is not a full member, does not have a Loyalty Card, and requests 9 holes with a buggy/cart, the applicable action is £16 Green Fees with no buggy allowed​​.

Static analysis tools are designed to analyze code without executing it. They are highly effective at identifying issues such as syntax errors, variable declaration, and usage problems. Options A, B, and D are types of defects that static analysis tools can typically detect because they relate to the code structure and syntax. However, Option C refers to a variable having the wrong numeric value passed into it, which is more of a logical error that typically requires dynamic testing to identify. Static analysis tools cannot understand the correct logical flow or expected values in the code, thus making Option C the correct answer​​ .

Boundary value analysis involves testing at the boundaries between partitions. For the Frequency input, valid boundaries are 1 and 5, while invalid boundaries are 0 and 6. For the Duration input, valid boundaries are 1 and 60 minutes, while invalid boundaries are 0 and 61 minutes. Therefore, Option C includes the correct set of valid and invalid boundary values for both inputs​​.