LPI Real Dumps Practice Exam Questions by Dumpswarp

LPIC-1 Exam 101, Part 1 of 2, version 5.0 Questions and Answers

Question 1

The system configuration file named _______ is commonly used to set the default runlevel. (Please provide the file name with full path information)

Options:

Question 2

Which permissions and ownership should the file /etc/passwd have?

Options:

-rw-------1 rootroot531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

-rw-r--r--1 rootroot531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

-rw-r--r--1 11531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

-rw-------1 11531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

Answer:

Explanation:

The correct permissions and ownership for the file /etc/passwd are:

B. -rw-r–r-- 1 root root 531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

The /etc/passwd file is a plain text-based database that contains information for all user accounts on the system. It is owned by root and has 644 permissions. The file can only be modified by root or users with sudo privileges and readable by all system users. The permissions and ownership of the file are important for the security and functionality of the system. The permissions and ownership of the file can be viewed by using the ls -l command. For example:

ls -l /etc/passwd

The output of the command will show the following information:

-rw-r–r-- 1 root root 531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd

The first column shows the permissions of the file, which are composed of 10 characters. The first character indicates the file type, which is - for regular files. The next nine characters indicate the permissions for the user (owner), the group, and the others, respectively. Each set of three characters indicates the read ®, write (w), and execute (x) permissions. A dash (-) means no permission. In this case, the permissions are:

rw- for the user, which means the user can read and write the file, but not execute it.
r-- for the group, which means the group can only read the file, but not write or execute it.
r-- for the others, which means the others can only read the file, but not write or execute it.

The second and third columns show the owner and the group of the file, which are both root. The root user is the superuser or the administrator of the system, who has full access and control over the system. The root group is the primary group of the root user, which usually has no other members.

The fourth column shows the size of the file in bytes, which is 531 in this case. The fifth and sixth columns show the date and time of the last modification of the file, which are Jun 5 22:45 in this case. The last column shows the name of the file, which is /etc/passwd in this case.

The other options are not correct because:

A. -rw------- 1 root root 531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd: This option has the wrong permissions for the file. The permissions are 600, which means only the user (root) can read and write the file, and the group and the others have no permissions at all. This would prevent the system users from reading the file, which would cause problems for the login process and other utilities that rely on the file.
C. -rw-r–r-- 1 1 531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd: This option has the wrong owner and group for the file. The owner and group are both 1, which is the numeric ID of the user and group. However, the numeric ID of the root user and group is 0, not 1. The user and group with the numeric ID of 1 are usually bin, which is a system user and group that own some system binaries and directories. Thebin user and group should not own the /etc/passwd file, as this would compromise the security and functionality of the system.
D. -rw------- 1 1 531 Jun 5 22:45 /etc/passwd: This option has both the wrong permissions and the wrong owner and group for the file. The permissions are 600, which means only the user can read and write the file, and the owner and group are both 1, which is the numeric ID of the bin user and group. This would prevent the system users from reading the file, and give the bin user and group full access to the file, which would cause problems for the security and functionality of the system.

Question 3

Which utility would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem?

Options:

mod2fs

fsck

tune2fs

mke2fs

fixe2fs

Question 4

Which of the following commands will change the quota for a specific user?

Options:

edquota

repquota

quota -e

quota

Question 5

Which of the following partition types is used for Linux swap spaces when partitioning hard disk drives?

Options:

Question 6

Which of the following commands enables the setuid (suid) permission on the executable /bin/foo?

Options:

chmod 1755 /bin/foo

chmod 4755 /bin/foo

chmod u-s /bin/foo

chmod 755+s /bin/foo

Answer:

Explanation:

The correct command to enable the setuid (suid) permission on the executable /bin/foo is:

B. chmod 4755 /bin/foo

The chmod command is used to change the permissions of files and directories in Linux. The chmod command can take either a symbolic or a numeric mode to specify the new permissions. The numeric mode is composed of four digits, each representing a different set of permissions: the first digit is for the special permissions, such as setuid, setgid, and sticky bit; the second digit is for the user permissions; the third digit is for the group permissions; and the fourth digit is for the others permissions. Each digit can range from 0 to 7, where 0 means no permissions, 1 means execute permission, 2 means write permission, 4 means read permission, and the sum of these values means a combination of permissions. For example, 5 means read and execute permissions, and 6 means read and write permissions.

The setuid permission is a special permission that allows an executable to run with the privileges of the owner of the file, instead of the user who launched it. The setuid permission is represented by the value 4 in the first digit of the numeric mode. For example, to enable the setuid permission on an executable file, use the following command:

chmod 4xxx file

where xxx is the combination of the user, group, and others permissions.

In this question, the executable file is /bin/foo, and the desired permissions are:

setuid permission enabled
user permissions: read, write, and execute
group permissions: read and execute
others permissions: read and execute

Therefore, the numeric mode for these permissions is 4755, where:

4 means setuid permission enabled
7 means user permissions: read, write, and execute
5 means group permissions: read and execute
5 means others permissions: read and execute

The correct command to enable the setuid permission on /bin/foo with these permissions is:

chmod 4755 /bin/foo

This command will change the permissions of /bin/foo to -rwsr-xr-x, where the s in the user section indicates the setuid permission.

The other options are not correct because:

A. chmod 1755 /bin/foo: This command will enable the sticky bit, not the setuid permission, on /bin/foo. The sticky bit is another special permission that prevents users from deleting or renaming files that they do not own in a shared directory. The sticky bit is represented by the value 1 in the first digit of the numeric mode. For example, to enable the sticky bit on a directory, use the following command:

chmod 1xxx directory

where xxx is the combination of the user, group, and others permissions.

C. chmod u-s /bin/foo: This command will disable the setuid permission, not enable it, on /bin/foo. The u-s option is a symbolic mode that means remove the setuid permission from the user permissions. For example, to disable the setuid permission on an executable file, use the following command:

chmod u-s file

D. chmod 755+s /bin/foo: This command is not valid because it mixes the numeric and the symbolic modes, which are not compatible. The 755 is a numeric mode that means user permissions: read, write, and execute; group permissions: read and execute; others permissions: read and execute. The +s is a symbolic mode that means add the setuid and setgid permissions to the user and group permissions, respectively. The chmod command does not accept both numeric and symbolic modes at the same time, and it will fail with an error message saying:

chmod: invalid mode: ‘755+s’ Try ‘chmod --help’ for more information.

References:

SetUID, SetGID, and Sticky Bits in Linux File Permissions - GeeksforGeeks
How to use special permissions: the setuid, setgid and sticky bits - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration
chmod(1): change file mode bits - Linux man page

Question 7

Which command is used to query information about the available packages on a Debian system?

Options:

apt-cache

apt-get

apt-search

dpkg

dpkg-search

Question 8

Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting?

Options:

tune2fs -d 200 /dev/sda1

tune2fs -c 200 /dev/sda1

tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1

tune2fs -n 200 /dev/sda1

tune2fs --days 200 /dev/sda1

Question 9

What is the purpose of the xargs command?

Options:

It passes arguments to an X server.

It reads standard input (STDIN) and builds up command lines to execute.

It helps shell scripts take variable argument lists.

It asks a question, graphically, and returns the answer to the shell.

It allows users to specify long options for commands that normally only accept short options.

Question 10

What does the command grub-install /dev/sda do?

Options:

GRUB creates partitions on the device/dev/sdato be used with Linux.

GRUB sets the default BIOS boot device to/dev/sda.

GRUB installs all required files and configures the boot loader on device/dev/sda.

GRUB recompiles the Linux Kernel and installs it on the Master Boot Record of device/dev/sda.

Question 11

Which of the following commands can be used to search for the executable file foo when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH?

Options:

apropos

which

find

query

whereis

Question 12

Which of the following commands shows the definition of a given shell command?

Options:

where

stat

type

case

Question 13

Which of the following commands changes the ownership of file.txt to the user dan and the group staff?

Options:

chown dan/staff file.txt

chown dan:staff file.txt

chown -u dan -g staff file.txt

chown dan -g staff file.txt

Question 14

Which of the following apt-get commands will install the newest versions of all currently installed packages?

Options:

auto-update

full-upgrade

dist-upgrade

install

update

Question 15

Following the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), where should binaries that have been compiled by the system administrator be placed in order to be made available to all users on the system?

Options:

Question 16

Which Debian package management tool asks the configuration questions for a specific already installed package just as if the package were being installed for the first time? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

Options:

Question 17

What is the difference between the --remove and the --purge action with the dpkg command?

Options:

--remove removes the program, --purge also removes the config files

--remove only removes the program, --purge only removes the config files

--remove removes a package, --purge also removes all packages dependent on it

--remove removes only the package file itself, --purge removes all files related to the package

Question 18

Which of the following options is used in a GRUB Legacy configuration file to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user?

Options:

hidemenu

splash

timeout

showmenu

Question 19

Which of the following commands can be used to perform a full text search on all available packages on a Debian system?

Options:

apt

apt-cache

apt-get

apt-search

dpkg

Question 20

In which directory must definition files be placed to add additional repositories to yum?

/etc/yum.repos.d
/etc/yum.repos.d/
yum.repos.d
yum.repos.d/

Options:

Question 21

Which of the following commands lists all currently installed packages when using RPM package management?

Options:

yum --query --all

yum --list --installed

rpm --query --all

rpm --list –installed

Question 22

What is the name of the main configuration file for GNU GRUB? (Specify the file name only without any path.)

menu.lst
grub.conf
grub.cfg

Options:

Question 23

When using rpm --verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, which of the following information is taken into consideration? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

Options:

Timestamps

MD5 checksums

Inodes

File sizes

GnuPG signatures

Question 24

Typically, which top level system directory is used for files and data that change regularly while the system is running and are to be kept between reboots? (Specify only the top level directory)

Options:

/var

/var/,

Var

var/

Question 25

Which RPM command will output the name of the package which supplied the file /etc/exports?

Options:

rpm -F /etc/exports

rpm -qf /etc/exports

rpm -Kl /etc/exports

rpm -qp /etc/exports

rpm -qi/etc/exports

Question 26

Which command will disable swapping on a device? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

Swapoff
/sbin/swapoff

Options:

Question 27

When removing a package, which of the following dpkg options will completely remove the files including configuration files?

Options:

--clean

--delete

--purge

–remove

Question 28

The dpkg-____ command will ask configuration questions for a specified package, just as if the package were being installed for the first time.

Options:

Question 29

Which world-writable directory should be placed on a separate partition in order to prevent users from being able to fill up the / filesystem? (Specify the full path to the directory.)

Options:

Question 30

Which of the following environment variables overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries?

Options:

LD_LOAD_PATH

LD_LIB_PATH

LD_LIBRARY_PATH

LD_SHARE_PATH

LD_RUN_PATH

Answer:

Explanation:

The environment variable that overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries is LD_LIBRARY_PATH. This variable is used to specify a colon-separated list of directories where the dynamic linker should look for shared libraries when loading a program1. The directories in LD_LIBRARY_PATH are searched before the default directories, such as /lib and /usr/lib, or the directories specified in/etc/ld.so.conf or the executable’s rpath1. This variable can be useful for testing or debugging purposes, or for running programs that require a specific version of a library that is not installed in the system1.

The other options are incorrect for the following reasons:

LD_LOAD_PATH. This is not a standard environment variable for shared libraries. It may be confused with LD_PRELOAD, which is a variable that allows the user to specify one or more shared libraries that should be loaded before any other library, even the C library2. This variable can be used to override or modify the behavior of certain functions or symbols in the libraries2.
LD_LIB_PATH. This is not a standard environment variable for shared libraries. It may be confused with LIBPATH, which is a variable that is used on some Unix variants, such as AIX, to specify the search path for shared libraries3. On Linux, this variable has no effect4.
LD_SHARE_PATH. This is not a standard environment variable for shared libraries. It may be confused with LD_RUN_PATH, which is a variable that allows the user to specify a list of directories that should be embedded in the executable as the rpath5. The rpath is a attribute that tells the dynamiclinker where to look for shared libraries at run time5. Unlike LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_RUN_PATH is only effective at link time, not at run time5.
LD_RUN_PATH. This is not an environment variable that overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries, but rather one that sets the rpath of the executable at link time. See the explanation for LD_SHARE_PATH above.

References:

How to set the environmental variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH in Linux
LD_PRELOAD - The secret of code injection into a running process without ptrace
LIBPATH - Wikipedia
linux - What is the difference between LD_LIBRARY_PATH and -L at link time? - Stack Overflow
ld-linux(8) - Linux manual page

Question 31

Which of the following commands can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image?

Options:

gdisk

fdisk

mount

Answer:

Explanation:

The command dd can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image. The command dd is a low-level utility that can copy and convert data from one source to another, such as files, devices, or pipes. It can be used to create a bootable USB drive from an ISO image or a raw disk image. The syntax is: dd if=input of=output [options]. For example, to create a USB storage media from a disk image file named linux.img, the command would be:

dd if=linux.img of=/dev/sdb

This will copy the contents of linux.img to the device /dev/sdb, which is assumed to be the USB drive. The device name may vary depending on the system, so it is important to check the correct device name beforerunning the command. The command dd can also accept various options, such as bs to specify the block size, status to show the progress, or conv to apply conversions to the data. For example, to create a USB storage media from an ISO image file named linux.iso, with a block size of 4 MB and a progress indicator, the command would be:

dd if=linux.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress

The command dd is also known as "disk destroyer" because it can overwrite data without warning or confirmation. Therefore, it is advisable to use it with caution and backup any important data before using it. The other options are not correct because:

gdisk is a command to create and manipulate GUID partition tables (GPT), but it does not create a USB storage media from a disk image1.
cc is a command to compile C programs, but it does not create a USB storage media from a disk image2.
fdisk is a command to create and manipulate DOS partition tables, but it does not create a USB storage media from a disk image3.
mount is a command to mount file systems, but it does not create a USB storage media from a disk image4. References:
How to Create a Bootable Linux USB Flash Drive, the Easy Way
dd(1) — Linux manual page
How to use the dd command in Linux - TechRepublic
LPI Exam 101 Detailed Objectives, section 1.101.3

Question 32

Which of the following commands will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space?

Options:

tr '\s' ' ' < a.txt > b.txt

tr -c ' ' < a.txt > b.txt

tr -d ' ' < a.txt > b.txt

tr -r ' ' '\n' < a.txt > b.txt

tr -s ' ' < a.txt > b.txt

Answer:

Explanation:

The command that will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space is tr -s ’ ’ < a.txt > b.txt. This command uses the following options and syntax:

-s: Squeezes repeated characters listed in the first set with single occurrence.
’ ': Specifies a space character as the first set.
< a.txt: Redirects the input from a file named a.txt.
b.txt: Redirects the output to a file named b.txt.

The output of this command will be a new file called b.txt that contains the same text as a.txt, except that any sequence of multiple spaces will be replaced by a single space. For example, if the file a.txt contains the following text:

This is a text file with multiple spaces.

The file b.txt will contain the following text:

This is a text file with multiple spaces.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

A. tr ‘\s’ ’ ’ < a.txt > b.txt: This command will replace every whitespace character (\s) with a space character, which will not reduce the number of spaces, but rather convert tabs and newlines into spaces.
B. tr -c ’ ’ < a.txt > b.txt: This command will complement the first set, meaning that it will apply the operation to all characters that are not spaces. This will not affect the spaces at all, but rather squeeze all other characters.
C. tr -d ’ ’ < a.txt > b.txt: This command will delete all spaces from the input, which will not reduce them to a single space, but rather remove them completely.
D. tr -r ’ ’ ‘\n’ < a.txt > b.txt: This command will replace all spaces with newlines, which will not reduce the spaces, but rather create a new line for each word.

References:

[LPI Exam 101 Detailed Objectives], Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands, Objective 103.2: Process text streams using filters, Weight: 3, Key Knowledge Areas: Use of tr to translate characters or to squeeze and/or delete them.
Tr Command in Linux with Examples, Topic: How to squeeze a sequence of repetitive characters using -s option.

Question 33

When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, which nice level is set for the resulting process?

Options:

-10

Question 34

When running the command

sed -e "s/a/b/" /tmp/file >/tmp/file

While /tmp/file contains data, why is /tmp/file empty afterwards?

Options:

The file order is incorrect. The destination file must be mentioned before the command to ensure redirection.

The command sed did not match anything in that file therefore the output is empty.

When the shell establishes the redirection it overwrites the target file before the redirected command starts and opens it for reading.

Redirection for shell commands do not work using the > character. It only works using the | character instead.

Question 35

Which grep command will print only the lines that do not end with a / in the file foo?

Options:

grep'/$' foo

grep '/#' foo

grep -v '/$' foo

grep -v '/#' foo

Question 36

You are trying to make a hard link to an ordinary file but ln returns an error. Which of the following could cause this?

Options:

The source file is hidden.

The source file is read-only.

The source file is a shell script.

You do not own the source file.

The source and the target are on different filesystems.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the command foo 1> bar?

Options:

The stdout from the command foo is appended to the file bar.

The stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar.

The command foo receives its stdin from the file bar.

The command foo receives its stdin from the stdout of the command bar.

The stderr from the command foo is saved to the file bar.

Question 38

In Bash, inserting 1>&2 after a command redirects

Options:

standard error to standard input.

standard input to standard error.

standard output to standard error.

standard error to standard output.

standard output to standard input.

Question 39

What is the effect of the egrep command when the -v option is used?

Options:

It enables color to highlight matching parts.

It only outputs non-matching lines.

It shows the command's version information.

It changes the output order showing the last matching line first.

Question 40

What is the purpose of the Bash built-in export command?

Options:

It allows disks to be mounted remotely.

It runs a command as a process in a subshell.

It makes the command history available to subshells.

It sets up environment variables for applications.

It shares NFS partitions for use by other systems on the network.

Answer:

Explanation:

The export command is a Bash built-in command that exports environment variables and functions for use in other shell sessions1. Environment variables are named values that affect the behavior of applications and processes2. For example, the PATH variable stores a list of directories where executable programs are located, and the LANG variable sets the language and locale of the system2. By using the export command, you can make these variables available to any child process spawned by the current shell1. For example, if you want to set the EDITOR variable to vim for all subshells, you can run:

export EDITOR=vim

The export command can also be used to export functions, which are blocks of code that can be reused by invoking their name3. For example, if you want to create and export a function that prints “Hello world”, you can run:

hello () { echo “Hello world”; } export -f hello

Then, you can call the hello function in any subshell or script that inherits the environment from the current shell.

The other options are not related to the export command. Option A refers to the mount command, which attaches a filesystem to a directory4. Option B refers to the command substitution feature, which runs a command in a subshell and replaces it with its output5. Option C refers to the history command, which displays the command history of the current shell. Option E refers to the exportfs command, which maintains the table of exported NFS shares.

References:

[LPI Linux Essentials - 1.3 Basic Editing]
[LPI Linux Essentials - 1.4 I/O Redirection]
[LPI Linux Essentials - 1.5 Manage Simple Partitions and Filesystems]
Linux export Command with Examples - phoenixNAP
bash - What does "export" do in shell programming? - Stack Overflow
How to Use Export Command in Linux [Explained for Beginners]
mount(8) - Linux manual page
Command Substitution - Bash Reference Manual
[history(3) - Linux manual page]
[exportfs(8) - Linux manual page]

Question 41

Which command is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

uk.co.certification.simulator.questionpool.PList@18e10a10

Options:

Question 42

Which of the following commands prints all files and directories within the /tmp directory or its subdirectories which are also owned by the user root? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Options:

find /tmp -uid root -print

find -path /tmp -uid root

find /tmp -user root -print

find /tmp -user root

find -path /tmp -user root –print

Question 43

What does the + symbol mean in the following grep regular expression:

grep '^d[aei]\+d$' /usr/share/dict/words

Options:

Match the preceding character set ([aei]) one or more times.

Match the preceding character set ([aei]) zero or more times.

Match the preceding character set ([aei]) zero or one times.

Match a literal + symbol.

Question 44

From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell? (Please select TWO answers.)

Options:

source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

. /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

/bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

/usr/local/bin/runme.sh

run /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

Answer:

A, B

Explanation:

The commands that directly execute the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell are source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh and . /usr/local/bin/runme.sh. These commands use the source or dot builtins, which read and execute commands from the given file in the current shell environment. This means that any changes made by the file, such as setting variables, defining functions, or changing directories, will affect the current shell. This is different from running the file as a script, which will create a new shell process and execute the commands in a separate environment. The source or dot commands are useful for loading configuration files, such as ~/.bashrc or /etc/profile, or for running scripts that modify the current state of the shell.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

C. /bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runme.sh: This command will run the file as a script using the /bin/bash interpreter. This will create a new shell process and execute the commands in a separate environment. Any changes made by the file will not affect the current shell.
D. /usr/local/bin/runme.sh: This command will also run the file as a script, but using the interpreter specified by the shebang line (#!) at the beginning of the file. If the file does not have a shebang line, it will use the default shell interpreter, which may or may not be /bin/bash. This will also create a new shell process and execute the commands in a separate environment. Any changes made by the file will not affect the current shell.
E. run /usr/local/bin/runme.sh: This command is not valid, as there is no builtin or external command called run. This will produce an error message.

References:

[LPI Exam 101 Detailed Objectives], Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands, Objective 103.1: Work on the command line, Weight: 4, Key Knowledge Areas: Use of source and ..
[Bash Reference Manual], Section 4.2: Bash Builtin Commands, Subsection 4.2.5: Bourne Shell Builtins.

Question 45

Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive?

Options:

gzip archive.tgz | tar xvf -

tar ztf archive.tgz

gzip -d archive.tgz | tar tvf -

tar cf archive.tgz

Question 46

Which of the following regular expressions represents a single upper-case letter?

Options:

:UPPER:

[A-Z]

!a-z

{AZ}

Question 47

Which of the following vi commands deletes two lines, the current and the following line?

Options:

2dd

dd2

de12

Answer:

Explanation:

The correct answer is C, 2dd. This command will delete two lines, the current and the following line, in vi editor. The syntax of the command is:

[number]dd

The number specifies how many lines to delete, starting from the current line. The dd command deletes the lines and puts them in a buffer, which can be pasted later with the p command. If no number is given, the command will delete only the current line.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

A, d2: This command will delete two characters, not two lines. The syntax of the command is:

d[motion]

The motion specifies how many characters to delete, starting from the current cursor position. The 2 motion means two characters to the right. The d command deletes the characters and puts them in a buffer, which can be pasted later with the p command.

B, 2d: This command is incomplete and will not work. The d command requires a motion argument to specify how many characters to delete. The 2 argument is only a number, not a motion. The command will wait for another keystroke to complete the motion.
D, dd2: This command will delete the current line and then move the cursor two lines down. The syntax of the command is:

dd[number]

The dd command deletes the current line and puts it in a buffer, which can be pasted later with the p command. The number specifies how many lines to move the cursor down, after deleting the current line. If no number is given, the command will move the cursor to the next line.

E, de12: This command will delete from the current cursor position to the end of the word, and then move the cursor to the 12th line. The syntax of the command is:

d[motion][number]

The d command deletes the characters specified by the motion and puts them in a buffer, which can be pasted later with the p command. The e motion means the end of the word. The number specifies the line number to move the cursor to, after deleting the characters.

References:

vi/vim delete commands and examples | alvinalexander.com
How to Delete Lines in Vim / Vi | Linuxize
How can I delete multiple lines in vi? - Stack Overflow

Question 48

Given a log file loga.log with timestamps of the format DD/MM/YYYY:hh:mm:ss, which command filters out all log entries in the time period between 8:00 am and 8:59 am?

Options:

grep –E ‘:08:[09]+:[09]+’ loga.log

grep –E ‘:08:[00]+’ loga.log

grep –E loga.log ‘:08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+’

grep loga.log ‘:08:[0-9]:[0-9]’

grep –E ‘:08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+’ loga.log

Question 49

Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of the RPM package file foo.rpm?

Options:

rpm –qpR foo.rpm

rpm –dep foo

rpm –ld foo.rpm

rpm –R foo.rpm

rpm –pD foo

Question 50

Which command must be entered before exiting vi to save the current file as filea.txt?

Options:

%s filea.txt

%w filea.txt

:save filea.txt

:w filea.txt

:s filea.txt

Answer:

Explanation:

The correct answer is D, :w filea.txt. This command will save the current file as filea.txt before exiting vi. The syntax of the command is:

w [filename]

The colon (:) begins command-input mode, which allows the user to enter commands at the bottom of the screen. The w stands for write, which means to save the file. The filename is the name of the file to be saved. If no filename is given, the command will save the file with the same name as the original file.

Therefore, the command :w filea.txt will save the current file as filea.txt and return to command mode. To exit vi, the user can then enter :q, which stands for quit.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

A, %s filea.txt: This command will not save the file, but it will try to substitute the string filea.txt in the file. The syntax of the command is:

%s/pattern/replacement/

The % symbol means to apply the command to the whole file. The s stands for substitute, which means to replace a pattern with another pattern. The pattern is the string to be matched, and the replacement is the string to replace the matched string. However, this command is incomplete, because it does not have a replacement or a delimiter. The command will cause an error and will not save the file.

B, %w filea.txt: This command will not save the file, but it will try to write the file to a filter. The syntax of the command is:

%w !command

The % symbol means to apply the command to the whole file. The w stands for write, which means to save the file. The ! symbol means to execute an external command. The command is the name of the filter to which the file is written. However, this command is incomplete, because it does not have a ! symbol or a filter name. The command will cause an error and will not save the file.

C, :save filea.txt: This command will not save the file, but it will try to save the file under a new name and switch to the new file. The syntax of the command is:

saveas filename

The saveas command is similar to the write command, but it also changes the current file name to the new file name. However, this command is incorrect, because it does not have the as keyword after save. The command will cause an error and will not save the file.

E, :s filea.txt: This command will not save the file, but it will try to substitute the string filea.txt in the current line. The syntax of the command is:

s/pattern/replacement/

The s stands for substitute, which means to replace a pattern with another pattern. The pattern is the string to be matched, and the replacement is the string to replace the matched string. However, this command is incomplete, because it does not have a replacement or a delimiter. The command will cause an error and will not save the file.

References:

How to Save a File in Vi / Vim Editor & Quit - phoenixNAP
How to Save a File in Vim / Vi and Quit the Editor | Linuxize
How to Save a File in Linux After Using the Vi Command - Computer Hope
How to Save a File in Vi / Vim Editor in Linux - Tecmint
How to Save a File in Vi / Vim Editor & Quit - GeeksforGeeks

Question 51

Which of the following commands displays the output of the foo command on the screen and also writes it to a file called /tmp/foodata?

Options:

foo | less /tmp/foodata

foo | cp /tmp/foodata

foo > /tmp/foodata

foo | tee /tmp/foodata

foo > stdout >> /tmp/foodata

Answer:

Explanation:

This command will display the output of the foo command on the screen and also write it to a file called /tmp/foodata. The syntax of the command is:

foo | tee [options] [file]

The foo command is any command that produces some output. The | symbol is a pipe operator that redirects the standard output of one command to the standard input of another command. The tee command reads from the standard input and writes to both the standard output and one or more files. The options can modify the behavior of the tee command, such as appending to the file instead of overwriting it, or ignoring interrupt signals. The file is the name of the file to which the output is written. If no file is given, the tee command will only write to the standard output.

Therefore, the command foo | tee /tmp/foodata will run the foo command, pipe its output to the tee command, which will display the output on the screen and write it to the file /tmp/foodata.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

A, foo | less /tmp/foodata: This command will not write the output of the foo command to a file, but it will display the output of the foo command on the screen in a pager. The less command is a program that allows the user to view and scroll through a file or the output of a command. The syntax of the command is:

foo | less [options] [file]

The foo command is any command that produces some output. The | symbol is a pipe operator that redirects the standard output of one command to the standard input of another command. The less command reads from the standard input or a file and displays it on the screen in a pager. The options can modify the behavior of the less command, such as setting the number of lines per screen, or searching for a pattern. The file is the name of the file to be viewed. If no file is given, the less command will read from the standard input.

Therefore, the command foo | less /tmp/foodata will run the foo command, pipe its output to the less command, which will display the output on the screen in a pager. However, the /tmp/foodata argument will be ignored by the less command, because it will read from the standard input instead of the file. The command will not write anything to the file /tmp/foodata.

B, foo | cp /tmp/foodata: This command will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the cp command is not a valid command to write the output of a command to a file. The cp command is used to copy files or directories from one location to another. The syntax of the command is:

cp [options] source destination

The options can modify the behavior of the cp command, such as preserving the attributes of the files, or creating backups of the existing files. The source is the name of the file or directory to be copied. The destination is the name of the file or directory where the source is copied to.

Second, the pipe operator is not a valid way to redirect the output of a command to the cp command. The pipe operator redirects the standard output of one command to the standard input of another command. However, the cp command does not read from the standard input, but from the source argument. Therefore, the command foo | cp /tmp/foodata will run the foo command, pipe its output to the cp command, which will ignore the standard input and report an error for missing the destination argument. The command will not write anything to the file /tmp/foodata.

C, foo > /tmp/foodata: This command will not display the output of the foo command on the screen, but it will write it to a file called /tmp/foodata. The > symbol is a redirection operator that redirects the standard output of a command to a file or device, overwriting any existing content. The syntax of the command is:

foo > file

The foo command is any command that produces some output. The > symbol redirects the standard output of the foo command to the file. The file is the name of the file to which the output is written.

Therefore, the command foo > /tmp/foodata will run the foo command, redirect its output to the file /tmp/foodata, and overwrite any previous content. The command will not display anything on the screen.

E, foo > stdout >> /tmp/foodata: This command will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the stdout argument is not a valid file name or device name. The stdout is an abbreviation for the standard output, which is a stream that a program uses to write its output. However, the stdout is not a file or device that can be used as a destination for the redirection operator. Second, the >> symbol is a redirection operator that redirects the standard output of a command to a file or device, appending to any existing content. The syntax of the command is:

foo >> file

The foo command is any command that produces some output. The >> symbol redirects the standard output of the foo command to the file. The file is the name of the file to which the output is appended.

Therefore, the command foo > stdout >> /tmp/foodata will run the foo command, redirect its output to the stdout argument, which will cause an error, and then redirect its output again to the file /tmp/foodata, which will append the output to the file. The command will not display anything on the screen.

References:

Linux Tee Command with Examples | Linuxize
tee command in Linux with examples - GeeksforGeeks
Linux tee command explained for beginners (6 examples) - HowtoForge
Command Options and Examples of Tee Command in Linux - UbuntuPIT
Linux tee Command Explained for Beginners (6 Examples) - Linux Handbook.

Question 52

Given the following input stream:

txt1.txt

atxt.txt

txtB.txt

Which of the following regular expressions turns this input stream into the following output stream?

txt1.bak.txt

atxt.bak.txt

txtB.bak.txt

Options:

s/^.txt/.bak/

s/txt/bak.txt/

s/txt$/bak.txt/

s/^txt$/.bak^/

s/[.txt]/.bak$1/

Answer:

Explanation:

The correct answer is C, s/txt$/bak.txt/. This regular expression will turn the input stream into the desired output stream by using the s command, which is used to substitute or replace a pattern with another pattern. The syntax of the s command is:

s/pattern/replacement/

The pattern is the regular expression that matches the text to be replaced, and the replacement is the text that replaces the matched text. The / symbol is used as a delimiter to separate the pattern and the replacement, but other characters can be used as well.

The pattern in this regular expression is txt$, which means that it will match the string txt at the end of the line. The $ symbol is an anchor that matches the end of the line. The replacement in this regular expression is bak.txt, which means that it will replace the matched string with the string bak.txt.

Therefore, the command s/txt$/bak.txt/ will replace the string txt at the end of each line with the string bak.txt, resulting in the following output stream:

txt1.bak.txt atxt.bak.txt txtB.bak.txt

The other regular expressions are incorrect for the following reasons:

A, s/^.txt/.bak/: This regular expression will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the pattern in this regular expression is ^.txt, which means that it will match the string .txt at the beginning of the line. The ^ symbol is an anchor that matches the beginning of the line. However, none of the lines in the input stream start with .txt, so the pattern will not match anything. Second,the replacement in this regular expression is .bak, which means that it will replace the matched string with the string .bak. However, this will not produce the desired output, because it will not append the string .txt to the end of the line, but rather replace the existing string with .bak.
B, s/txt/bak.txt/: This regular expression will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the pattern in this regular expression is txt, which means that it will match the string txt anywhere in the line, not just at the end. This will cause unwanted replacements in the middle of the words, such as atxt and txtB. Second, the replacement in this regular expression is bak.txt, which means that it will replace the matched string with the string bak.txt. However, this will not produce the desired output, because it will not preserve the original string, but rather replace it with bak.txt.
D, s/txt$/.bak/: This regular expression will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the pattern in this regular expression is ^txt$, which means that it will match the string txt only if it is the entire line. The ^ and $ symbols are anchors that match the beginning and the end of the line, respectively. However, none of the lines in the input stream are exactly txt, so the pattern will not match anything. Second, the replacement in this regular expression is .bak^, which means that it will replace the matched string with the string .bak^. However, this will not produce the desired output, because it will not append the string .txt to the end of the line, but rather replace the existing string with .bak^, which is not a valid file name.
E, s/[.txt]/.bak$1/: This regular expression will not work as expected, because it has several errors. First, the pattern in this regular expression is [.txt], which means that it will match any one of the characters inside the brackets, which are ., t, and x. This will cause unwanted replacements of single characters, such as the dot in the file extension or the letter t in the word atxt. Second, the replacement in this regular expression is .bak$1, which means that it will replace the matched character with the string .bak followed by the first backreference. A backreference is a way to refer to a part of the pattern that was captured by parentheses. However, there are no parentheses in the pattern, so the backreference $1 is invalid and will not work. Third, the replacement in this regular expression will not produce the desired output, because it will not append the string .txt to the end of the line, but rather replace the existing character with .bak$1, which is not a valid file name.

References:

How to Use Regular Expressions (regexes) on Linux - How-To Geek
How to Use Regular Expressions (RegEx) on Linux - GeeksforGeeks
A beginner’s guide to regular expressions with grep - Red Hat Developer
[Regular Expressions - Linux Documentation Project]
[Regular Expressions in Linux Explained with Examples - Linux Handbook].

Question 53

What is true regarding the configuration of yum? (Choose two.)

Options:

Changes to the repository configuration become active after running yum confupdate

Changes to the yum configuration become active after restarting the yumd service

The configuration of package repositories can be divided into multiple files

Repository configurations can include variables such as $basearch or $releasever

In case /etc/yum.repos.d/ contains files, /etc/yum.conf is ignored

Answer:

C, D

Explanation:

The configuration of yum can be divided into multiple files, and repository configurations can include variables such as $basearch or $releasever. The main configuration file for yum is /etc/yum.conf, which contains the global options for yum and can also define repositories in the [repository] sections. However, it is recommended to define individual repositories in separate files in the /etc/yum.repos.d/ directory, which can be easier to manage and maintain. Each file in this directory should have a .repo extension and contain one or more [repository] sections with the repository name, URL, and other options12. Repository configurations can use yum variables to dynamically set values for certain options, such as the baseurl or the enabled. Yum variables are enclosed in curly braces and start with a dollar sign, such as {$basearch} or {$releasever}. These variables are replaced by their actual values at runtime, based on the system architecture, the operating system version, or other factors. Some of the common yum variables are34:

$basearch: The base architecture of the system, such as x86_64, i386, or arm.
$releasever: The release version of the operating system, such as 7, 8, or 9.
$arch: The exact architecture of the system, such as x86_64, i686, or armv7hl.
$uuid: A unique identifier for the system, generated by the product-id plugin.
$YUM0-$YUM9: Custom variables that can be set by the user in the /etc/yum/vars/ directory or the /etc/yum.conf file.

The other options are false or irrelevant. There is no yum confupdate command or yumd service, and changes to the yum configuration become active immediately after saving the files. The /etc/yum.conf file is not ignored if the /etc/yum.repos.d/ directory contains files, but the repository options in the /etc/yum.conf file can be overridden by the options in the .repo files. References:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs1
Exam 101 Objectives - Linux Professional Institute2
How to Use Yum Variables to Enhance your Yum Experience - Red Hat …3
Yum Variables - CentOS4

Question 54

Which command uninstalls a package but keeps its configuration files in case the package is re-installed?

Options:

dpkg –s pkgname

dpkg –L pkgname

dpkg –P pkgname

dpkg –v pkgname

dpkg –r pkgname

Question 55

Which is the default percentage of reserved space for the root user on new ext4 filesystems?

Options:

10%

15%

Question 56

Which of the following statements are true about the boot sequence of a PC using a BIOS? (Choose two.)

Options:

Some parts of the boot process can be configured from the BIOS

Linux does not require the assistance of the BIOS to boot a computer

The BIOS boot process starts only if secondary storage, such as the hard disk, is functional

The BIOS initiates the boot process after turning the computer on

The BIOS is started by loading hardware drivers from secondary storage, such as the hard disk

Answer:

A, D

Explanation:

The boot sequence of a PC using a BIOS is the process of loading and executing the operating system from the power-on state. The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware program that is stored in a ROM chip on the motherboard and provides the interface between the hardware and the software. The BIOS performs the following tasks during the boot sequence12:

It runs the power-on self-test (POST) to check the integrity and functionality of the hardware components and peripherals.
It reads the BIOS settings from the CMOS memory and applies them to the system configuration. Some parts of the boot process, such as the boot device order, can be configured from the BIOS by pressing a specific key (usually F2, F10, or Del) during the POST.
It locates and loads the boot loader program from the first sector of the boot device, which is usually the hard disk. The boot loader program can be GRUB, LILO, or Windows Boot Manager, depending on the operating system installed. The boot loader is responsible for loading the kernel and the initial ramdisk (initrd) into memory and passing control to them.
It transfers the execution to the boot loader and exits the boot sequence.

The other options are false or irrelevant. Linux does require the assistance of the BIOS to boot a computer, at least until the kernel takes over the hardware control. The BIOS boot process does not start only if secondary storage is functional, it can also boot from other devices such as USB drives, CD-ROMs, or network. The BIOS is not started by loading hardware drivers from secondary storage, it is stored in a ROM chip and runs before any secondary storage is accessed. References:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs1
Exam 101 Objectives - Linux Professional Institute2
The Linux Booting Process - 6 Steps Described in Detail - freeCodeCamp.org3
Guide to the Boot Process of a Linux System - Baeldung4

Question 57

Which command displays the current disk space usage for all mounted file systems? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

Options:

Question 58

A faulty kernel module is causing issues with a network interface card. Which of the following actions ensures that this module is not loaded automatically when the system boots?

Options:

Using lsmod --remove --autoclean without specifying the name of a specific module

Using modinfo –k followed by the name of the offending module

Using modprobe –r followed by the name of the offending module

Adding a blacklist line including the name of the offending module to the file /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

Deleting the kernel module’s directory from the file system and recompiling the kernel, including its modules

Question 59

What does the command mount --bind do?

Options:

It makes the contents of one directory available in another directory

It mounts all available filesystems to the current directory

It mounts all user mountable filesystems to the user’s home directory

It mounts all file systems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option userbind set

It permanently mounts a regular file to a directory

Answer:

Explanation:

The mount --bind command is used to create a bind mount, which is an alternate view of a directory tree. A bind mount takes an existing directory tree and replicates it under a different point. The directories and files in the bind mount are the same as the original. Any modification on one side is immediately reflected on the other side, since the two views show the same data. For example, after issuing the command:

mount --bind /some/where /else/where

the directories /some/where and /else/where have the same content, which is the content of /some/where. A bind mount can be useful for accessing hidden files, creating chroot environments, or changing the permissions or ownership of files.

The other options are not correct because:

B. It mounts all available filesystems to the current directory: This is not what the mount --bind command does. The mount --bind command only creates a bind mount for a single directory tree. To mount all available filesystems to the current directory, one would need to use the mount -a command with the -t option and specify the current directory as the target.
C. It mounts all user mountable filesystems to the user’s home directory: This is not what the mount --bind command does. The mount --bind command only creates a bind mount for a single directory tree. To mount all user mountable filesystems to the user’s home directory, one would need to use the mount -a command with the -t option and specify the user’s home directory as the target. However, this is not a common or recommended practice, as it may cause conflicts or errors with the existing files and directories in the user’s home directory.
D. It mounts all file systems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option userbind set: This is not what the mount --bind command does. The mount --bind command only creates a bind mount for a single directory tree. To mount all file systems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option userbind set, one would need to use the mount -a command with the -O option and specify userbind as the option. However, this is not a standard or supported option for the mount command or the /etc/fstab file, and it may not work as expected.
E. It permanently mounts a regular file to a directory: This is not what the mount --bind command does. The mount --bind command only creates a bind mount for a directory tree, not a regular file. To mount a regular file to a directory, one would need to use the mount command with the -o loop option and specify the file and the directory as the source and the target. However, this is only possible for files that contain a valid filesystem image, such as an ISO file or a disk image. A bind mount is not permanent, and it can be unmounted with the umount command.

References:

Understanding Bind Mounts | Baeldung on Linux
What is a bind mount? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange
mount(8) - Linux manual page

Question 60

Which of the following are valid stream redirection operators within Bash? (Choose two.)

Options:

>>>

2>&1

Answer:

A, E

Explanation:

The stream redirection operators within Bash are used to redirect the input and output of commands to files, devices, or other commands. The valid stream redirection operators within Bash are:

< : This operator redirects the standard input (STDIN) of a command from a file or device. For example, wc -l < file.txt counts the number of lines in file.txt by using it as the input for the wc command.
> : This operator redirects the standard output (STDOUT) of a command to a file or device, overwriting any existing content. For example, echo "Hello World" > file.txt writes the string “Hello World” to file.txt, replacing any previous content.
>> : This operator redirects the standard output (STDOUT) of a command to a file or device, appending to any existing content. For example, echo "Hello World" >> file.txt writes the string “Hello World” to file.txt, without deleting any previous content.
>& : This operator redirects one file descriptor to another file descriptor. A file descriptor is a number that represents an open file or device. The standard input (STDIN) has the file descriptor 0, the standard output (STDOUT) has the file descriptor 1, and the standard error (STDERR) has the file descriptor 2. For example, command > file 2>&1 redirects both the standard output and standard error of the command to the file.
<& : This operator redirects one file descriptor from another file descriptor. For example, command <&3 redirects the standard input of the command from the file descriptor 3.

The other operators are not valid stream redirection operators within Bash. They will cause syntax errors or unexpected behavior. For example, #> is a comment followed by a redirection operator, %> is a modulo operator followed by a redirection operator, and >>> is a bitwise right shift operator followed by a redirection operator.

References:

Redirections (Bash Reference Manual)
Guide to Stream Redirections in Linux | Baeldung on Linux
Standard Streams in Bash | Delft Stack
Bash Tutorial => Redirection
stream redirection order and what os perform in details

Question 61

You are having some trouble with a disk partition and you need to do maintenance on this partition but your users home directories are on it and several are logged in. Which command would disconnect the users and allow you to safely execute maintenance tasks?

Options:

telinit 1

shutdown -r now

killall -9 inetd

/bin/netstop --maint

/etc/rc.d/init.d/network stop

Question 62

Which command displays the contents of the Kernel Ring Buffer on the command line? (Provide only the command name without any options or path information)

Options:

Question 63

The message "Hard Disk Error" is displayed on the screen during Stage 1 of the GRUB boot process. What does this indicate?

Options:

The kernel was unable to execute /bin/init

The next Stage cannot be read from the hard disk because GRUB was unable to determine the size and geometry of the disk

One or more of the filesystems on the hard disk has errors and a filesystem check should be run

The BIOS was unable to read the necessary data from the Master Boot Record to begin the boot process

Answer:

Explanation:

The GRUB boot process consists of three stages1:

Stage 1: This stage is located in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first hard disk or the boot sector of a partition. Its main function is to load either Stage 1.5 or Stage 22.
Stage 1.5: This stage is located in the first 30 KB of hard disk immediately following the MBR or in the boot sector of a partition. It contains the code to access the file system that contains the GRUB configuration file. Its main function is to load Stage 22.
Stage 2: This stage is located in an ordinary file system, usually in the /boot/grub directory. It contains the code to display the GRUB menu and to load the kernel and initrd images. It can also load additional modules to support other file systems or features2.

The message “Hard Disk Error” is displayed on the screen during Stage 1 of the GRUB boot process. This indicates that the next Stage (either Stage 1.5 or Stage 2) cannot be read from the hard disk because GRUB was unable to determine the size and geometry of the disk3. This could occur because the BIOS translated geometry has been changed by the user or the disk is moved to another machine or controller after installation, or GRUB was not installed using itself (if it was, the Stage 2 version of this error would have been seen during that process and it would not have completed the install)3.

The other options in the question are not correct because:

A. The kernel was unable to execute /bin/init: This error would occur in Stage 2, after the kernel and initrd images are loaded, not in Stage 14.
C. One or more of the filesystems on the hard disk has errors and a filesystem check should be run: This error would also occur in Stage 2, when GRUB tries to access the file system that contains the GRUB configuration file, not in Stage 15.
D. The BIOS was unable to read the necessary data from the Master Boot Record to begin the boot process: This error would prevent GRUB from starting at all, not in Stage 16.

References:

1: GRUB - ArchWiki 2: GNU GRUB Manual 0.97 3: Stage1 errors - GNU GRUB Manual 0.97 4: [Kernel panic - Wikipedia] 5: [Stage2 errors - GNU GRUB Manual 0.97] 6: [Master Boot Record - Wikipedia] : How to Fix GRUB Load Errors and Recover Data? - MiniTool Home Data Recovery

Question 64

Which of the following information is stored within the BIOS? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Options:

Boot device order

Linux kernel version

Timezone

Hardware configuration

The system's hostname

Question 65

Which of the following kernel parameters instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages?

Options:

silent

verbose=0

nomesg

quiet

Question 66

Which command will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence?

Options:

Question 67

Which of the following commands reboots the system when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Options:

shutdown -r now

shutdown -r "rebooting"

telinit 6

telinit 0

shutdown -k now "rebooting"

Question 68

During a system boot cycle, what program is executed after the BIOS completes its tasks?

Options:

The bootloader

The inetd program

The init program

The kernel

Question 69

Which of the following are init systems used within Linux systems? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

Options:

startd

systemd

Upstart

SysInit

SysV init

Answer:

B, C, E

Explanation:

systemd, Upstart, and SysV init are all init systems used within Linux systems. An init system is the first process executed by the kernel at boot time, which has a process ID (PID) of 1, and is responsible for starting and managing all other processes on the system. Different init systems have different features, advantages, and disadvantages. Some of the most common init systems are:

systemd: A relatively new and modern init system that aims to provide a unified and efficient way of managing system and service states. It is compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts, and supports features such as parallel processing, socket activation, logging, job scheduling, and more. It is the default init system for many popular Linux distributions, such as Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, and others12.

Upstart: An event-based init system developed by Ubuntu as a replacement for SysV init. It starts and stops system tasks and processes based on events, such as hardware changes, network availability, filesystem mounting, etc. It is a hybrid init system that uses both SysV and systemd scripts, and supports features such as parallel processing, dependency tracking, logging, and more. It is the default init system for some older versions of Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions, such as Linux Mint and Chrome OS12.

SysV init: A mature and traditional init system that follows the System V (SysV) design of Unix operating systems. It uses a series of runlevels to define the state of the system, and executes scripts in the /etc/rc.d or /etc/init.d directories according to the current runlevel. It is simple and stable, but lacks some features of modern init systems, such as parallel processing, event handling, dependency tracking, etc. It is still used by some Linux distributions, such as Slackware, Gentoo, and others12.

References: 1: 6 Best Modern Linux ‘init’ Systems (1992-2023) - Tecmint 2: 10 Best Linux init systems as of 2023 - Slant.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is correct when talking about /proc/?

Options:

All changes to files in /proc/ are stored in /etc/proc.d/ and restored on reboot.

All files within /proc/ are read-only and their contents cannot be changed.

All changes to files in /proc/ are immediately recognized by the kernel.

All files within /proc/ are only readable by the root user.

Question 71

You suspect that a new ethernet card might be conflicting with another device. Which file should you check within the /proc tree to learn which IRQs are being used by which kernel drivers?

Options:

Answer:

proc/interrupts

Explanation:

The file that you should check within the /proc tree to learn which IRQs are being used by which kernel drivers is /proc/interrupts1 Comprehensive Explanation: The /proc/interrupts file is a virtual file that provides information about the number and type of interrupts per CPU per I/O device12. It displays the IRQ number, the number of that interrupt handled by each CPU core, the interrupt type, and a comma-delimited list of drivers that are registered to receive that interrupt12. For example, the following output shows the contents of /proc/interrupts on a system with two CPUs and several devices:

The first column shows the IRQ number, followed by one column for each CPU core showing the number of interrupts handled by that core. The last column shows the interrupt type and the driver name. Some interrupt types are:

IO-APIC-edge: An edge-triggered interrupt from the I/O Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC), which is a hardware device that handles and distributes interrupts.
IO-APIC-fasteoi: A fast end-of-interrupt from the I/O APIC, which means that the interrupt is acknowledged early to allow nesting interrupts.
PCI-MSI-edge: A Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) from the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which is a hardware bus that connects devices to the system. MSI is a method of sending interrupts using special messages instead of dedicated lines.
NMI: A Non-Maskable Interrupt, which is a hardware interrupt that cannot be ignored by the CPU and usually indicates a critical error.
LOC: A Local timer interrupt, which is a periodic interrupt generated by a local APIC on each CPU core for scheduling purposes.
RES: A Rescheduling interrupt, which is a type of inter-processor interrupt (IPI) that is sent to a CPU core to force it to reschedule its current task.

To check if a new ethernet card might be conflicting with another device, you can look for the driver name of the ethernet card in the /proc/interrupts file and see if it shares the same IRQ number with another device. If so, you can try to change the IRQ assignment of the devices or use the smp_affinity file to control which CPU cores can handle the interrupt12.

References:

1: 4.3. Interrupts and IRQ Tuning - Red Hat Customer Portal 2: What are the non-numeric IRQs in /proc/interrupts?

Question 72

Which SysV init configuration file should be modified to disable the ctrl-alt-delete key combination?

Options:

/etc/keys

/proc/keys

/etc/inittab

/proc/inittab

/etc/reboot

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LPIC-1 Exam 101, Part 1 of 2, version 5.0 Questions and Answers

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