VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Professional Questions and Answers
Which Container Network Interface (CNI) is selected by default in a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload cluster?
Options:
Multus CNI
Antrea
Flannel
Calico
Answer:
BExplanation:
Antrea is the default CNI for new Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters8. Antrea is an open-source Kubernetes networking solution that implements the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification and uses Open vSwitch (OVS) as the data plane9. Antrea supports various features such as network policies, service load balancing, NodePortLocal, IPsec encryption, IPv6 dual-stack, and more10.
The other options are incorrect because:
- Multus CNI is an open-source container network interface plugin for Kubernetes that enables attaching multiple network interfaces to pods11. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.
- Flannel is an open-source simple and easy-to-use overlay network that satisfies the Kubernetes requirements12. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.
- Calico is an open-source network and network security solution for containers, virtual machines, and native host-based workloads13. It is not the default CNI for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload clusters.
References: Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Cluster Networking, Antrea, Antrea Features, Multus CNI, Flannel, Calico
What is the key benefit of Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler feature?
Options:
Autoscale microservices
Autoscale persistant volumes
Autoscale Supervisor control plane VMs
Autoscale Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster
Answer:
AExplanation:
The key benefit of Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler feature is to autoscale microservices that meet changing levels of demand based on metrics, such as CPU or memory usage. These metrics are available to Tanzu Service Mesh without needing additional code changes or metrics plugins1. Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler supports configuring an autoscaling policy for services inside a global namespace through the UI or API, or using a Kubernetes custom resource definition (CRD) for services directly in cluster namespaces2. Tanzu Service Mesh Autoscaler also supports two modes: performance mode, where services are scaled up but not down, and efficiency mode, where services are scaled up and down to optimize resource utilization2. References: VMware Aria Operations for Applications, Tanzu Service Mesh Service Autoscaling Overview - VMware Docs
The Supervisor Service in Tanzu Kubernetes Grid exposes three layers of controllers to manage the lifecycle of a Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster.
Which layer of controllers is correct?
Options:
Virtual Machine Service, Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and Cluster API
Authentication webhook. Container Storaqe Support, Cloud Provider Implementation
Aria integration Service, Tanzu Cluster API and Tanzu Container Network Controller
VMware Tanzu Mission Control Connection agent. Cluster API and Kubernetes Connection Agent
Answer:
AExplanation:
The Supervisor Service in Tanzu Kubernetes Grid exposes three layers of controllers to manage the lifecycle of a Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster:
- Virtual Machine Service (VMS) controllers provide an abstraction layer for managing virtual machines on vSphere. They allow users to create and manage VM classes, VM images, content libraries, and VM services.
- Tanzu Kubernetes Grid (TKG) controllers provide an abstraction layer for managing Kubernetes clusters on vSphere. They allow users to create and manage TKG service configurations, TKG service plans, TKG service instances, and TKG service bindings.
- Cluster API (CAPI) controllers provide an abstraction layer for managing Kubernetes clusters on any platform. They allow users to create and manage cluster objects, machine objects, machine deployment objects, machine set objects, and machine health check objects.
The other options are incorrect because:
- Authentication webhook, Container Storage Support, Cloud Provider Implementation are components of vSphere with Tanzu that enable authentication integration with vCenter Server, persistent storage provisioning forKubernetes workloads, and cloud provider functionality for vSphere respectively. They are not part of the Supervisor Service controllers.
- Aria integration Service, Tanzu Cluster API and Tanzu Container Network Controller are not valid components of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid or vSphere with Tanzu. Aria integration Service is a typo for Aria Operations for Applications (formerly VMware Tanzu Observability), which is a SaaS solution that collects and analyzes traces, metrics, and logs from various sources. Tanzu Cluster API is a typo for Cluster API (CAPI), which is one of the Supervisor Service controllers. Tanzu Container Network Controller is a typo for Antrea Controller, which is part of VMware Container Networking with Antrea, which is a solution that streamlines Kubernetes networking with a unified networking stack across multiple managed Kubernetes providers.
- VMware Tanzu Mission Control Connection agent, Cluster API and Kubernetes Connection Agent are not valid components of the Supervisor Service controllers. VMware Tanzu Mission Control Connection agent is a component of VMware Tanzu Mission Control, which is a SaaS solution that provides centralized management and governance for Tanzu Kubernetes Grid clusters across multiple platforms. Cluster API (CAPI) is one of the Supervisor Service controllers, but it is not specific to Tanzu Mission Control. Kubernetes Connection Agent is not a valid component of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid or vSphere with Tanzu.
References: VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Getting Started, vSphere with Tanzu Configuration and Management
Which L7 ingress mode leverages the integration between NSX Advanced Load Balancer and Antrea?
Options:
L7 ingress in NodePort mode
L7 ingress in ClusterIP mode
L7 ingress in NodePortLocal mode
L7 ingress in Nodelntegration mode
Answer:
CExplanation:
L7 ingress in NodePortLocal mode is an ingress mode that leverages the integration between NSX Advanced Load Balancer and Antrea. NSX Advanced Load Balancer (NSX ALB) is a solution that provides L4 and L7 load balancing and ingress control for Kubernetes clusters5. Antrea is a Kubernetes networking solution that implements the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification and uses Open vSwitch (OVS) as the data plane6. In NodePortLocal mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a unique port on each node for each pod that serves as a backend for the service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB Service Engine (SE), and then directly to the pods without going through the nodes or kube-proxy. This mode reduces network latency and improves performance by avoiding extra hops7.
The following diagram illustrates how the network traffic is routed in NodePortLocal mode:
!NodePortLocal mode diagram
The other options are incorrect because:
- L7 ingress in NodePort mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be NodePort mode, and the network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to the cluster nodes, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to the nodes, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the nodes to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from node to pod7.
- L7 ingress in ClusterIP mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a virtual IP (VIP) for each service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to one of the VIPs assigned by Antrea, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to one of the VIPs, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the VIPs to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from VIPs to pod7.
- L7 ingress in Nodelntegration mode is not a valid ingress mode for NSX ALB.
References: NSX Advanced Load Balancer, Antrea, NSX ALB as L7 Ingress Controller
Which is a prerequisite for cert-manager installation?
Options:
Download the latest Tanzu Kubernetes Grid OVAs for the OS and Kubernetes version
Obtain the admin credentials of the target workload cluster
Run the canzu login command tosee an interactive list of management clusters
After importing the cert-manager OVA, a conversion into virtual machine template must be performed
Answer:
BExplanation:
A prerequisite for cert-manager installation is to obtain the admin credentials of the target workload cluster. Cert-manager is a tool that automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates within Kubernetes clusters3. To install cert-manager, users need to have access to the cluster where they want to deploy it, and have the necessary permissions to create resources such as namespaces, custom resource definitions, deployments, services, and secrets3. Users can obtain the admin credentials of the target workload cluster by using the tanzu cluster kubeconfig get command with the --admin option4. This command generates a kubeconfig file that contains the admin credentials for the cluster, which can be used to authenticate with the cluster and perform cert-manager installation4. References: Installation - cert-manager Documentation, Deploy Workload Clusters - VMware Docs
Which command can be used to upgrade a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster that is managed by VMware Tanzu Mission Control?
Options:
tmc cluster upgrade [version]
tmc cluster update [clustername] [flags]
tmc cluster tanzupackage install update [version]
tmc cluster upgrade
Answer:
AExplanation:
The command that can be used to upgrade a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster that is managed by VMware Tanzu Mission Control is tmc cluster upgrade [version]
What is the role of the Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service?
Options:
It provides declarative, Kubernetes-style APIs for cluster creation, configuration, and management.
It provides a declarative, Kubernetes-style API for management of VMs and associated vSphere resources.
It provisions an extension inside the Kubernetes cluster to validate user authentication tokens.
It provisions Kubernetes clusters that integrate with the underlying vSphere Namespace resources and Supervisor Services.
Answer:
DExplanation:
The role of the Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service is to provision Kubernetes clusters that integrate with the underlying vSphere Namespace resources and Supervisor Services. The Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service is a component of vSphere with Tanzu that provides self-service lifecycle management of Tanzu Kubernetes clusters3. A Tanzu Kubernetes cluster is an opinionated installation of Kubernetes that runs on top of the Supervisor Cluster and inherits its capabilities, such as storage integration, pod networking, load balancing, authentication, and authorization4. The Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service exposes three layers of controllers to manage the lifecycle of a Tanzu Kubernetes cluster: Cluster API, Virtual Machine Service, and Tanzu Kubernetes Release Service3. References: Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service Architecture - VMware Docs, What Is a Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster? - VMware Docs
Which component must be installed upfront to deploy VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid management cluster?
Options:
Tanzu CLI
Cluster API
Kubeadm
External DNS
Answer:
AExplanation:
The Tanzu CLI is a command-line tool that enables users to interact with VMware Tanzu products and services. It must be installed upfront to deploy VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid management cluster, as it provides commands to create, configure, scale, upgrade, and delete management clusters on different platforms. The Tanzu CLI also allows users to create workload clusters from the management cluster, and to perform various operations on both types of clusters. References: VMware Tanzu CLI Documentation, [Deploying Management Clusters with the Tanzu CLI]
What are two possible counts of control plane nodes in a Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Workload Cluster? (Choose two.)
Options:
3
5
2
0
1
Answer:
A, EExplanation:
The control plane nodes are the nodes that run the Kubernetes control plane components, such as the API server, the scheduler, the controller manager, and etcd. The control plane nodes are responsible for managing the cluster state and orchestrating workload operations. The possible counts of control plane nodes in a Tanzu Kubernetes Grid workload cluster are 1 or 3. The control plane must have an odd number of nodes to ensure quorum and high availability. A single control plane node is suitable for development or testing purposes, while three control plane nodes are recommended for production clusters23.
References: Deploy Workload Clusters - VMware Docs, Concepts and References - VMware Docs
Which two configurations are valid for Zonal Supervisor Deployment? (Choose two.)
Options:
five-zone
seven-zone
three-zone
two-zone
one-zone
Answer:
C, EExplanation:
Two configurations that are valid for Zonal Supervisor Deployment are three-zone and one-zone. A Zonal Supervisor Deployment is a way of deploying the vSphere with Tanzu Supervisor Cluster across multiple vSphere clusters that are mapped to vSphere Zones1. A vSphere Zone is a logical grouping of vSphere clusters that share common characteristics, such as network connectivity, power source, or physical location2. A Zonal Supervisor Deployment provides high availability and fault tolerance for Kubernetes workloads by distributing them across different zones1. The supported configurations for Zonal Supervisor Deployment are:
- Three-zone: The Supervisor Cluster spans three vSphere clusters, each mapped to a different vSphere Zone. This configuration provides the highest level of availability and fault tolerance, as it can tolerate the failure of any one zone1.
- One-zone: The Supervisor Cluster runs on a single vSphere cluster that is mapped to a single vSphere Zone. This configuration is suitable for development or testing purposes, but does not provide any availability or fault tolerance guarantees1.
References: Requirements for Zonal Supervisor Deployment - VMware Docs, Create vSphere Zones for a Multi-Zone Supervisor Deployment - VMware Docs
Which set of tools can be used to attach a Kubernetes cluster to VMware Tanzu Mission Control?
Options:
Tanzu CLI and VMware vSphere Web Ul
Tanzu CLI and VMware Tanzu Mission Control Web Ul
kubectl and VMware vSphere Web Ul
kubectl and VMware Tanzu Mission Control Web Ul
Answer:
DExplanation:
The set of tools that can be used to attach a Kubernetes cluster to VMware Tanzu Mission Control are kubectl and VMware Tanzu Mission Control Web Ul. kubectl is a command-line tool that allows users to interact with Kubernetes clusters. VMware Tanzu Mission Control Web Ul is a graphical user interface that allows users to manage their clusters and policies. To attach a cluster, users need to use both tools. First, they need to use the web console to select the cluster group and generate a YAML manifest for the cluster. Then, they need to use kubectl to apply the manifest on the cluster and install the cluster agent extensions that enable communication with Tanzu Mission Control. References: Attach a Cluster - VMware Docs, What Happens When You Attach a Cluster
Which steps are required to create a vSphere Namespace?
Options:
In the vSghere web client, select Supervisor, select Namespaces tab. and click Create Namespace
Create the Namespace usinq the Tanzu CLI
In the vSphere web client, select Workload Management, select Namespaces tab. and click Create Namespace
In the vSghere web client, select Supervisor, select Workload, select Namespaces tab. and click Create Namespace
Answer:
CExplanation:
To create a vSphere Namespace, the correct steps are to use the vSphere web client, select Workload Management, select Namespaces tab, and click Create Namespace. A vSphere Namespace is a logical grouping of Kubernetes resources that can be used to isolate and manage workloads on a Supervisor Cluster1. To create a vSphere Namespace, a user needs to have the vSphere Client and the required privileges to access the Workload Management menu and the Namespaces tab2. From there, the user can select the Supervisor Cluster where to place the namespace, enter a name for the namespace, configure the network settings, set the resource limits, assign permissions, and enable services for the namespace2. References: Create and Configure a vSphere Namespace - VMware Docs, vSphere with Tanzu Concepts - VMware Docs
Which two resources can External DNS create records for? (Choose two.)
Options:
Virtual machines
Kubernetes pods
Kubernetes services
Kubernetes nodes
Contour HTTP Proxy
Answer:
C, EExplanation:
Kubernetes services and Contour HTTP Proxy are two resources that External DNS can create records for. External DNS is a Kubernetes controller that synchronizes exposed Kubernetes resources with DNS providers. It supports creating DNS records for Kubernetes services of type LoadBalancer or NodePort, as well as Ingress resources. Contour HTTP Proxy is a custom resource definition (CRD) that provides an alternative way to configure HTTP routes on Kubernetes clusters. External DNS can also create DNS records for Contour HTTP Proxy resources, as long as they have an associated service of type LoadBalancer or NodePort. References: kubernetes-sigs/external-dns - GitHub, Contour HTTPProxy User Guide
What are the three Cluster API providers being used in VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid? (Choose three.)
Options:
CAPI
CAPz
CAPM
CAP
CAPV
CAPA
Answer:
B, E, FExplanation:
Cluster API is a Kubernetes project that provides declarative APIs for cluster creation, configuration, and management. Cluster API uses a set of custom resource definitions (CRDs) to represent clusters, machines, and other objects. Cluster API also relies on providers to implement the logic for interacting with different infrastructure platforms. VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid uses Cluster API to deploy and manage Kubernetes clusters on various platforms. The three Cluster API providers being used in VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid are:
- CAPZ: Cluster API Provider for Azure. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on Microsoft Azure4.
- CAPV: Cluster API Provider for vSphere. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on vSphere 6.7 or later5.
- CAPA: Cluster API Provider for AWS. This provider enables Cluster API to create Kubernetes clusters on Amazon Web Services5.
References: VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Documentation, Taking Kubernetes to the People: How Cluster API Promotes Self … - VMware
Which kinds of objects does the Kubernetes RBAC API declare?
Options:
CloudPolicyObject
Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding
Container type and Container object
ClusterObject and ClusterNode
Answer:
BExplanation:
The Kubernetes RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. These objects are used to define permissions and assign them to users or groups within a cluster. A Role or ClusterRole contains rulesthat represent a set of permissions on resources or non-resource endpoints. A RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding grants the permissions defined in a Role or ClusterRole to a set of subjects (users, groups, or service accounts). A RoleBinding applies only within a specific namespace, while a ClusterRoleBinding applies cluster-wide.
The other options are incorrect because:
- CloudPolicyObject is not a valid Kubernetes object type. It might be confused with NetworkPolicy, which is an object type that defines how pods are allowed to communicate with each other and other network endpoints.
- Container type and Container object are not valid Kubernetes object types. They might be confused with Pod, which is an object type that represents a group of one or more containers running on a node.
- ClusterObject and ClusterNode are not valid Kubernetes object types. They might be confused with Cluster and Node, which are concepts that describe the logical and physical components of a Kubernetes cluster.
References: Using RBAC Authorization, Kubernetes RBAC: Concepts, Examples & Top Misconfigurations
What is the object in Kubernetes used to grant permissions to a cluster wide resource?
Options:
ClusterRoleBinding
RoleBinding
RoleReference
ClusterRoleAccess
Answer:
AExplanation:
The object in Kubernetes used to grant permissions to a cluster-wide resource is ClusterRoleBinding. A ClusterRoleBinding is a cluster-scoped object that grants permissions defined in a ClusterRole to one or more subjects, such as users, groups, or service accounts5. A ClusterRole is a cluster-scoped object that defines a set of permissions on cluster-scoped resources (like nodes) or namespaced resources (like pods) across all namespaces5. For example, a ClusterRoleBinding can be used to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespaces by granting them the permissions defined in a ClusterRole that allows listing pods in any namespace6. References: Using RBAC Authorization | Kubernetes, Cluster Roles and Cluster Roles Binding in Kubernetes | ANOTE.DEV
An administrator has a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid management cluster named tanzu-mc0l which needs to be upgraded.
Which command can be used to upgrade this cluster?
Options:
kubectl management-cluster upgrade
tanzu mc upgrade
tanzu config use-context tanzu-mc01-admin@tanzu-mc01
kubectl tanzu-mc01 upgrade
Answer:
BExplanation:
The tanzu mc upgrade command is used to upgrade a management cluster to a newer version of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid. The command requires the name of the management cluster as an argument, and optionally the version to upgrade to. For example, toupgrade the management cluster named tanzu-mc01 to version v1.4.0, the command would be:
tanzu mc upgrade tanzu-mc01 --version v1.4.0
The other options are incorrect because:
- kubectl management-cluster upgrade is not a valid command. The kubectl command is used to interact with Kubernetes clusters, not to upgrade them.
- tanzu config use-context tanzu-mc01-admin@tanzu-mc01 is a command to switch the current context to the admin context of the management cluster named tanzu-mc01. It does not upgrade the cluster.
- kubectl tanzu-mc01 upgrade is not a valid command. The kubectl command does not accept a cluster name as an argument, and there is no upgrade subcommand.
References: VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Getting Started, Upgrading Management Clusters
An administrator was requested to create a pod with two interfaces to separate the application and management traffic for security reasons.
Which two packages have to be installed in VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster to satisfy the requirement? (Choose two.)
Options:
multus
external-dns
cert-manager
qrafana
contour
Answer:
A, EExplanation:
Multus is an open-source container network interface plugin for Kubernetes that enables attaching multiple network interfaces to pods. Contour is an open-source Kubernetes ingress controller that provides dynamic configuration updates and makes use of the Envoy proxy as a data plane. By installing these two packages in a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster, an administrator can create a pod with two interfaces and use Contour to route the application and management traffic to different networks.
The other options are incorrect because:
- external-dns is a package that synchronizes exposed Kubernetes services and ingresses with DNS providers. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.
- cert-manager is a package that automates the management and issuance of TLS certificates from various sources. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.
- qrafana is not a valid package name. The correct spelling is Grafana, which is a package that provides visualization and analytics for metrics collected by Prometheus. It does not provide multiple interfaces for pods.
References: Install Multus and Whereabouts for Container Networking, Install Contour for Ingress